† Hijri date derived by computation from the Gregorian/Julian date; it may differ from the transmitted date by a day or two.
- Concept
The ruling on one who abandons prayer
Al-Sallabi quotes Ali: whoever does not pray is an unbeliever. He then reports from al-Nawawi the dispute… - Concept
Abawan (the two parents)
Abawan is the dual of father. Literally it means a father and a mother; figuratively it can mean a… - Concept
The abjad letters named for Madyan's kings
al-Mas'udi's etymology of the abjad numeral letters — the 29 letters of the abjad order named after six kings… - Concept
Ada' (performance of an obligation within its time)
Ada' means, in the lexicon, delivery; it is used both for timed acts and for others. For the majority it is… - Concept
Ada' al-dayn (paying a debt: its ruling, the manner of payment, insolvency and the debts of the dead)
Paying a debt in the form owed is obligatory by consensus. A debt due now must be paid on demand when the… - Concept
Ada' al-shahada (performing testimony: the duty on request, the excused witness, and the wording)
Giving testimony is a communal obligation: once enough witnesses give it the rest are released, and all are… - Concept
Prophetic adab (proper conduct)
The body of proper conduct the believer is commanded in his words, deeds and relations with God and His… - Concept
Manners of the Qur'an bearer
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy says that the bearer of the Qur'an is known by his night when people sleep, by his… - Concept
Biting and the liability for injury it causes (add)
In the lexicon, add is gripping a thing with the teeth and holding it. If a person bites another without… - Concept
Adha (harm of a slight kind: removing harmful things and the duty not to harm)
Adha in the lexicon is a slight unwelcome thing, and the jurists separate it from grave harm (darar). Harming… - Concept
Bone (adhm): purity, use and retaliation
In the lexicon, adhm is the bone that has flesh on it, plural 'idham and 'izam. Most jurists hold that a… - Concept
Qibla-finding by stars, winds, mountains and rivers
Al-Umari devotes the fourth gate of Masalik al-Absar to the qibla and its proofs: determination by stars,… - Concept
Justice and uprightness (adl)
Linguistically, adl is the opposite of injustice: it means aiming at what is right and standing between… - Concept
Justice among co-wives
For al-Sha'rawi, the justice the law requires among co-wives is equal treatment in what lies within the… - Concept
Obstructing a marriage (adl): the guardian and the husband
In the lexicon, adl means to prevent, and the jurists use it of a guardian who prevents his ward's marriage,… - Concept
Justice and grace (adl wal-fadl)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy distinguishes justice, a duty, from grace, which is recommended. He holds that… - Concept
The adornment of desires and the goods of this world
On the verse that the love of desires is made attractive to people, Sha'rawi holds that the inclination which… - Concept
Contagion (adwa)
Linguistically, adwa is a sickness passing from its owner to another; as a technical term it is the same… - Concept
Adwiya (drugs and materia medica in Islamic pharmacology)
Adwiya, the plural of dawa, means every substance that affects the body, used as a remedy or a poison. Muslim… - Concept
Fleshy growth in the wife's womb and the right to annul (afal)
In the lexicon, afal is a fleshy growth in a woman's genital passage, which arises after childbirth and not… - Concept
Afsantin (wormwood in Arabic pharmacology)
Arabic term, from the Greek apsinthion, for common wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and similar plants; in… - Concept
Pardon (afw) in purity, worship, contracts and penalties
In the lexicon, afw means removing or pardoning, and also abundance, going away and giving; the jurists use… - Concept
Afyun (opium)
Opium, the dried juice of the unripe capsules of the poppy (Papaver somniferum), known to the Greeks and used… - Concept
Agadir (Berber collective granary and citadel)
A Berber name for a fortified enclosure with chambers allotted to the families of a tribe for storing grain,… - Concept
Agha (Turkic title and term)
Agha is a Turkic word. In eastern Turkic it means 'elder brother' and elsewhere 'father' or 'uncle'; in… - Concept
Agha Khan (title of the Nizari Imams)
Agha Khan is the title of the Nizari Ismaili Imams. It began as an honorary title at the Qajar court in… - Concept
Aghac (tree, wood, and a measure of distance)
Aghac is a Turkic word meaning 'tree' and 'wood' in Ottoman Turkish. In eastern Turkic it also named a… - Concept
Agriculture in Islam
Al-Maraghi presents agriculture as the oldest livelihood, after Ibn Khaldun, the simplest and closest to… - Concept
Covenant (ahd) and the duty to keep it; oath by the covenant of God
In the lexicon, 'ahd is covenant, pledge, safe-conduct, guarantee and oath, and whatever is between people by… - Concept
The covenant of God and oaths, and selling them for a little price
Sha'rawi holds that the verse threatening those who sell God's covenant and oaths for a small price applies… - Concept
Ahdath (urban militias of Syria and Upper Mesopotamia)
Ahdath, 'young men', were urban militias in the cities of Syria and Upper Mesopotamia from the 4th/10th to… - Concept
Ahkam (rulings and judgments; the five qualifications)
Ahkam is the plural of hukm, judgment or decision. In religious law it is the set of rulings that qualify… - Concept
Ahl al-Ahwa (the people of deviant opinions in Islam, and the rules on their testimony, narration and prayer behind them)
Ahl al-ahwa are those whose opinions deviate: the word hawa is the soul's inclination against what the law… - Concept
Ahl al-Dhimma (the protected non-Muslim subjects of an Islamic state, their covenant, rights, duties and limits)
Ahl al-dhimma are non-Muslim subjects who remain in the land of Islam in their unbelief under a covenant with… - Concept
Ahl al-Diwan (those paid from the state register of soldiers and officers, and the rules of their conditions and distribution)
Diwan is a Persian loan-word meaning a collection of sheets and writings, in which the army and those given… - Concept
Ahl al-hadith (the traditionists)
Ahl al-hadith, also ashab al-hadith, the partisans of traditions, were the traditionist movement of the… - Concept
Ahl al-Hall wa al-Aqd (those who loose and bind: the men of power whose choice confirms the imam)
Ahl al-hall wa al-'aqd are the men of power among scholars and notables through whom the purpose of authority… - Concept
Ahl al-Harb (the people at war with the Muslims, their status and the rules that govern dealings with them)
Ahl al-harb are non-Muslims who have not entered a covenant of protection and enjoy neither the safe-conduct… - Concept
Ahl al-Kitab (the People of the Book, their status, and the rules on marriage, food, covenant and dealings)
The People of the Book, for the majority of jurists, are the Jews and Christians in their various sects; the… - Concept
Ahl al-Mahalla (the people of a quarter, their imam, call to prayer, and their part in the oath and blood money where a body is found)
Ahl al-mahalla are the people who settle in a place and make it their home. They differ from the 'aqila, the… - Concept
Ahl al-Nasab (the kin by descent, and who counts as kin in bequests and endowments)
Ahl in origin means the household and kin; the ahl of a man are those closest to him and his clan; nasab… - Concept
Ahl al-nazar (those who apply reasoning)
Ahl al-nazar, 'those who apply reasoning', was first the name of the Mu'tazila, who probably coined it… - Concept
The people of the qibla and not declaring takfir for sin
al-Tahawi's principle of calling the people of the qibla Muslims and believers so long as they accept what… - Concept
Ahl-i waris (heir, Indonesian usage)
Ahl-i waris is in general use among the Muslim peoples of Indonesia with the meaning of the Arabic wārith,… - Concept
Ahliyya (legal capacity: to have rights and duties, and to act; its stages from the womb to full maturity, and what impairs it)
Ahliyya is lexically suitability, and it is of two kinds: capacity to have rights and duties, the capacity of… - Concept
Term, deadline (ajal)
Ajal is the term of a thing, the time when it falls due. For jurists it is a period on which a legal rule… - Concept
Hired worker (ajir)
A hired worker is one who works for a wage. The law orders that his wage be paid before his sweat dries. When… - Concept
Stranger, outsider (ajnabi)
Ajnabi in the lexicon is a stranger, someone foreign in fact or in meaning. Jurists give no single… - Concept
Reward or wage (ajr)
For jurists, ajr is the consideration for work, whether from God or from people, though a reward from God is… - Concept
Sizes of the heavenly bodies
al-Farghani estimates the apparent and true sizes of the Sun, Moon, planets and fixed stars relative to the… - Concept
Akdariyya (a named inheritance case)
Akdariyya is a named case in inheritance involving a husband, a mother, a grandfather and a full or paternal… - Concept
Brother (full, paternal and maternal) in law
A brother is one born to the same father and mother or to one of them, with full brothers, paternal and… - Concept
The hereafter: the grave, resurrection and reckoning
The Tahawi creed's articles on the punishment of the grave, the questioning by two angels, the resurrection,… - Concept
Islamic eschatology
Islamic eschatology is the part of the creed concerned with death, the signs of the Hour, resurrection,… - Concept
Akik (the cornelian stone, used in seal-rings)
Akik ('akika') is the name of the cornelian, found in Arabia in various colours, the red being most prized.… - Concept
Akl (eating: lawful food and manners)
Eating is part of the faith: forbidden food is warned against, and the forbidden foods are known from the… - Concept
Consuming wealth unjustly (akl al-mal bil-batil)
Al-Sha'rawi reads the verse 'do not consume your wealth among yourselves in falsehood' as a command to each… - Concept
Akrabadhin (the pharmacopoeia, a treatise on compound drugs)
Akrabadhin, from the Syriac grabadhin, reproducing a Greek word for 'treatise', was used by the Arabs for… - Concept
Distances of the heavenly bodies from the Earth
al-Farghani gives the distances of the Moon, Sun and the five planets, and of the sphere of the fixed stars,… - Concept
Enmity and affection (al-adawa wal-mawadda)
In his reading of Qur'an 5:82, Rida defines enmity as hatred that shows in speech and action and affection as… - Concept
Al-Adhwa' (the dhu-lords of Yaman)
The broken plural of dhu, denoting the kings and lords of Yaman whose names begin with dhu. The most famous… - Concept
The inner enemy
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy lists the enemies that work against a person, among them a soul that commands evil, a… - Concept
The divine covenant (al-ahd)
Sha'rawi holds that the divine covenant can mean three things: the covenant of the fitra to believe and be… - Concept
The seven ahruf
The Prophet's saying 'the Qur'an was revealed in seven ahruf, so read of it what is easy' — narrated through… - Concept
al-Amin, the Trustworthy (the Prophet's title before his mission)
The title by which Quraysh called Muhammad before prophethood for the trustworthiness and good qualities they… - Concept
Al-amir al-kabir ('the great amir', Mamluk title)
Al-amir al-kabir, 'the great amir', was a title granted in the Mamluk kingdom to all who had seniority in… - Concept
Quranic parables (al-amthal al-quraniyya)
Sha'rawi holds that Quranic parables bring the unseen closer to understanding through the sensible: God's… - Concept
The 'anqa
The 'anqa of Ibn 'Abbas's report — human-faced, four-winged, eagle-beaked, its pair bred at Jerusalem then… - Concept
The seven climates
Seven climates in each quarter of the earth — settlement reaching 24 degrees beyond the equator, the southern… - Concept
Reason and heart
Wajdi holds that a person must balance reason and heart together. Reason discerns truth from falsehood, while… - Concept
The earth made a place of prayer and purity
Sha'rawi holds that God made the whole earth a place of prayer and purity for the community of Muhammad, so… - Concept
The Throne (al-Arsh)
The Throne in creed is the greatest of created things; al-Tahawi states that 'the Throne and the Footstool… - Concept
Causes and divine power (al-asbab wal-qudra)
Sha'rawi holds that a person sees things respond to him and thinks he has mastery over them, as with the… - Concept
Al-aslah (the 'most fitting' for mankind)
A technical term of theology meaning the most suitable or fitting. The upholders of the aslah were a group of… - Concept
al-Awasim
al-Awasim — al-Rashid's self-governing frontier district 'that shields the borders', from Antioch to the… - Concept
Cosmic signs, miracles and the Qur'an as sign
Sha'rawi holds that disbelief is an attempt to hide God's existence, and one hides only what exists. He… - Concept
The Weepers (al-bakka'un)
Seven men of the Ansar and others who came to the Prophet asking for mounts to join the Tabuk campaign; when… - Concept
Delivery of the message and the limit of the Prophet's charge
Sha'rawi holds that the Prophet is a bringer of good news and a warner whose charge is to deliver the… - Concept
The description of the Prophet in earlier scriptures
Sha'rawi holds that the People of the Book knew the Prophet's description and time from their scriptures, and… - Concept
Al-basmala (the formula bismillah)
The formula 'In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate', with which the Quran and every believer's… - Concept
Stinginess (bukhl)
For al-Sha'rawi, stinginess is withholding from someone in need what God has given you. It is not limited to… - Concept
Democracy and the Sharia — compatibility and conflict
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on democracy and Islam. The audience voted: 16% saw it conflicting with the… - Concept
Al-din al-qayyim (the upright religion)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy holds that God called this religion al-qayyim, because it has the highest value and… - Concept
Arab satellite channels — evaluating the experiment
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on the Arab satellite-channel experiment, which the host called 'the number-one… - Concept
Al-falah (success)
Falah is success. Sha'rawi holds that the word comes from ploughing the earth for sowing, and that God used… - Concept
Joy and gladness (al-farah wal-surur)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy sets out joy and gladness: surur as gladness free from grief, the blameworthy farah… - Concept
Al-Fatiha as Umm al-Kitab (the mother of the Book)
The Fatiha is called the Umm al-Kitab and prayer is not valid without it. Sha'rawi cites the hadith to that… - Concept
Fatwa on the satellite channels — its benefit and harm
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on satellite fatwa programmes, no longer private to the questioner but heard by… - Concept
The manifest triumph (al-fawz al-mubin)
The title of a series in which Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy presents a practical path to the manifest triumph… - Concept
Absolute unseen (al-ghayb al-mutlaq)
Sha'rawi distinguishes the relative unseen, which others may know, from the absolute unseen, which has no… - Concept
Intellectual invasion (al-ghazw al-fikri) in the Sheikh's view
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy holds that part of the nation's confused understanding comes from an organised… - Concept
Hadith
Hadith is what is transmitted of the Prophet's words, deeds, tacit approvals and descriptions, reaching us… - Concept
Basic needs
- Concept
Al-hajna — the stigma of mixed lineage
Al-hajna, the Arab stigma of impure lineage: Lisan al-Arab defines it as speech that disgraces you, the hajin… - Concept
Social boycott (hajr) of the three
The boycott the Prophet ordered after Tabuk: he forbade the Muslims to speak to the three who had stayed… - Concept
Al-hamd lillah (praise belongs to God)
The phrase 'praise belongs to God' with which the Fatiha opens. Sha'rawi holds that praise covers God's… - Concept
The public right (al-haqq al-amm)
- Concept
Emigration to the West — hope or pain (the brain drain)
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on emigration to the West. The youth voted: 34% would emigrate immediately, 26%… - Concept
Wisdom (al-hikma)
Sha'rawi holds that the root sense of hikma is the bit placed in a horse's mouth to control it, that calling… - Concept
Grief and worry (al-huzn)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy distinguishes grief over what has passed from worry about what is to come; he describes… - Concept
Islamic management
Islamic management as Tareq al-Suwaidan frames it: a project to rewrite the science of management on the… - Concept
Legitimate saving (al-iddikhar al-mashru)
- Concept
The division of the community (al-iftiraq al-ummah)
The division of the community into sects as Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy raises it: a caller's question on the… - Concept
Hoarding money (iktinaz)
- Concept
The state of learning among the people of al-Andalus
Ibn Sa'id's famous profile of learning in al-Andalus: no madrasas but mosque lessons for wages, teachers who… - Concept
Secularism and Islam — conflict or concord
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on secularism and Islam. The studio youth voted: 43% could define secularism, 57%… - Concept
Public spending (al-infaq al-amm)
- Concept
Spending in the way of God (infaq)
- Concept
Economy and balance in the Qur'an
- Concept
Extravagance and waste (israf)
- Concept
The cooperative society (al-jamiyya al-taawuniyya)
- Concept
al-Jassasa
The long-haired beast of Tamim al-Dari's island — 'I am the Jassasa that comes out at the end of time' —… - Concept
Greater sins (kaba'ir)
Al-Sha'rawi gives the scholars' definition of a greater sin: one for which God threatens punishment in the… - Concept
Kalala (collateral heirs)
For al-Sha'rawi, kalala are the collateral heirs of a deceased person who has neither ascendant nor… - Concept
Fear and grief for those who follow guidance
Sha'rawi holds that whoever follows God's guidance has no fear or grief, because fear is expecting an evil… - Concept
Experience versus service, and self-development
Experience versus service in Tareq al-Suwaidan's teaching: years of work do not add up to experience without… - Concept
The contemporary Islamic discourse — maturity versus reactivity
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on the contemporary Islamic discourse. The International Islamic Fiqh Academy… - Concept
Kufr as concealment of the truth
Sha'rawi holds that kufr means concealment, so that the disbeliever conceals God's existence; a concealment… - Concept
«Be, and it is» (kun fa-yakun): creation by command, not by a mould
Sha'rawi explains that God created without a prior mould, so that the likeness among human beings comes from… - Concept
The angelic and the satanic inspiration (lamma)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy says that the angel and the devil each have an inspiration, a lamma, that comes to the… - Concept
The nominal group technique
The nominal group technique, a meeting method devised at the University of Wisconsin after studying more than… - Concept
The divine method: commands and prohibitions
Sha'rawi holds that the first lesson of the divine method for humanity is command and prohibition, that what… - Concept
The Arab woman and the international conventions
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on the woman's global and Arab status and the international conventions. The youth… - Concept
Asking people for help (al-masala)
Asking people for help (al-masala) means asking others for gifts. In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's account of the… - Concept
The economic enterprise (al-mashru al-iqtisadi)
- Concept
Popular enterprise (al-mashru al-shabi)
- Concept
Natural resources
- Concept
Public ownership (al-milkiyya al-amma)
- Concept
Ownership in the Qur'an
- Concept
The balance (al-mizan)
Sha'rawi holds that the cosmos runs by an exact balance in which humans have no hand, and that humans are… - Concept
Reconciliation of hearts (al-mu'allafa qulubuhum)
A legal category of recipients of zakat and spoils established in Islamic law to reconcile hearts to the… - Concept
Living with a spouse in kindness (mu'ashara bil-ma'ruf)
Al-Sha'rawi separates affection (mawadda), a feeling of the heart, from kindness (ma'ruf), good conduct owed… - Concept
God's sovereignty and human ownership (al-mulk wal-tamalluk)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's teaching on the oneness of sovereignty: all sovereignty belongs to God, and what… - Concept
Disjoined letters at the openings of surahs
The letters with which some surahs open. In Rashid Rida's commentary at the opening of Surat al-A'raf, his… - Concept
Resistance and terrorism — the dividing line
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on resistance: is it reducible to armed action or are there more effective ways —… - Concept
The soul (nafs) and the spirit (ruh)
Sha'rawi holds that the nafs is formed when the ruh joins matter and gives it life; that matter and ruh each… - Concept
Natural and unnatural economic activity
- Concept
Unnatural activity: intermediation and extraction
- Concept
Abrogation (naskh) in the Qur'an
Naskh is the removal of an existing ruling and the putting of another in its place after a term God had fixed… - Concept
Economic scarcity
- Concept
Money (al-nuqud)
- Concept
Raising the foundations of the House: who built the Ka'ba
Sha'rawi holds that the House existed before Abraham, that God set it apart for circling, retreat and prayer… - Concept
Male guardianship in the family (qiwama)
Al-Sha'rawi reads 'men are in charge of women' as a burden of standing for their affairs, not as domination.… - Concept
Leadership and the leader's six roles
Leadership in Tareq al-Suwaidan's teaching: the ability to move people toward a goal; the leader works only… - Concept
Situational leadership
Situational leadership as Tareq al-Suwaidan teaches it: the leader either directs or encourages, producing… - Concept
The qiyan — singing slave-girls
The qiyan institution of the first Abbasid age: slave-girls schooled in airs and modes by their masters —… - Concept
Al-Rahman al-Rahim (the Merciful, the Compassionate)
The two names in the basmala and in the Fatiha. Sha'rawi distinguishes their sense: in the basmala they… - Concept
Stoning (rajm) as a penalty for zina
Al-Sha'rawi affirms stoning for a married offender on the basis of the Prophet's practice: he stoned Ma'iz,… - Concept
Capitalism as criticised by Qa'dat
- Concept
Bribery (al-rishwa)
- Concept
Provision as Lordship's gift and the imamate as the gift of divinity
Sha'rawi separates two gifts: provision is a gift of Lordship that believer and disbeliever both receive,… - Concept
Vision and mission in strategic planning
The vision, in Tareq al-Suwaidan's teaching, is a mental picture of the organisation at a future point, and… - Concept
Seeking bounty in the land (sa'y fi al-ard)
- Concept
Captives in a religious war and married women (Q. 4:24)
The commentary on the Qur'anic verse about married women and those whom the right hand possesses, a point of… - Concept
The Sabbath
The Sabbath in the law of the Children of Israel, and the transgression committed on it. Rashid Rida reads… - Concept
The transaction of faith
Sha'rawi holds that the Qur'an uses the language of trade to show that faith is a profitable exchange; that… - Concept
The sakk and the hawala
The sakk, near-kin to the modern cheque: al-Khwarizmi in Mafatih al-Ulum says it gathered the names and… - Concept
Prayer in early Islam before the Night Journey
What al-Raheeq al-Makhtum reports on the first prescription of prayer: two rakats morning and evening… - Concept
Shama'il Muhammadiyya
Shama'il is the hadith genre gathering what is transmitted of the Prophet's form and character — his hair,… - Concept
Family businesses
Family businesses as Tareq al-Suwaidan presents them in his Practical Administration lesson: his figures for… - Concept
Communism as criticised by Qa'dat
- Concept
Truthfulness (sidq)
The theme Ka'b ibn Malik made the axis of his story: he told the Prophet the truth rather than offer a false… - Concept
The Prophetic sira
The Prophetic sira is the transmitted history of the Prophet's life: his birth and upbringing, his call in… - Concept
al-Sirat al-Mustaqim
Draft card for al-sirat al-mustaqim, the straight path believers petition in the Fatiha; the page not yet… - Concept
The Prophetic Sunna
- Concept
Ta'abbud (obedience to a command as worship)
Ta'abbud, in Sha'rawi's account, is to carry out a legal command because God commanded it, not because of an… - Concept
Adoption (tabanni)
Al-Sha'rawi says Islam ended ascribing to an adopter a child not born of his loins. The phrase 'wives of your… - Concept
Tabattul (withdrawal from the world)
- Concept
Inflation (al-tadakhkhum)
- Concept
Social solidarity and religious brotherhood
- Concept
Gradualism in legislation (tadarruj)
For al-Sha'rawi, God brings rulings about habits in stages, so that a habit such as wine is set aside over… - Concept
Reflection on God's signs in creation
Sha'rawi holds that the Qur'an calls for reflection on God's signs in the universe, that material sciences… - Concept
Gradual dispersal of property (al-tafattut al-insiyabi)
Al-Sha'rawi holds that the division of inheritance spreads wealth 'in a flowing way' among sons and daughters… - Concept
The material definition of economics
- Concept
The Quranic challenge (al-tahaddi bil-Quran)
Sha'rawi presents the challenge in 'bring a surah like it', and holds that God graded it from the whole… - Concept
Motivation
Motivation in Tareq al-Suwaidan's teaching: a person receiving a verbal, positional or material reward; it… - Concept
Greed for worldly gain (takathur)
- Concept
Strategic planning
Strategic planning as Tareq al-Suwaidan teaches it: a decision about the direction of the future, made at… - Concept
al-Tanahmir: the Himyaritic speech remnant
Al-Hamdani's register of the peninsula's tongues records that the highland Himyar and Ja'da keep 'something… - Concept
Divine transcendence (tanzih): God above offspring and likeness
Tanzih, in Sha'rawi's account, is God's transcendence over likeness with His creatures in essence, attributes… - Concept
Taqlid (blind imitation of inherited views)
- Concept
Blind imitation (taqlid)
Wajdi reports, without naming them, that scholars of Islam held the faith of a mere imitator unacceptable,… - Concept
Just distribution in the Qur'an
- Concept
Dry ablution (tayammum)
Al-Sha'rawi reads 'then find no water and perform tayammum with clean earth' as a command from God by which… - Concept
General kinship among peoples
Muhammad Farid Wajdi's reading of the Qur'anic principle that God made people into peoples and tribes so that… - Concept
The unlettered (al-ummi)
The description of the Prophet as unlettered, unable to read or write before the revelation. Rashid Rida… - Concept
Intimacy with God (uns billah)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy speaks of the heart's intimacy with God, which he says shows both among people and in… - Concept
Wala' and bara' among Muslims
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on wala' and bara' inside the Muslim rank — among movements, madhhabs, sects,… - Concept
Bequest (wasiyya)
Al-Sha'rawi treats the bequest within the law of inheritance. The verse mentions the bequest before the debt,… - Concept
The religious bequest: submission until death
Sha'rawi holds that a bequest is spoken at the end of life, when the one who bequeaths speaks truthfully, and… - Concept
Patriotism, nationalism and Arabness — the boundary with Islam
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on patriotism and nationalism versus Islam. The audience voted: 45% held a clear… - Concept
Certainty and its degrees (yaqin)
Sha'rawi sets out certainty in three degrees: knowledge of certainty when the report comes from someone one… - Concept
The dress and way of life of the people of al-Andalus
Ibn Sa'id's ethnography of Andalusi dress: turbans rare in the east and reserved in the west for qadis and… - Concept
Openness as against secrecy in acts of worship, charity and public notice (alaniya)
In the lexicon, alaniya comes from proclaiming and showing a thing, and is the opposite of secrecy. Public… - Concept
The clot stage of the embryo (alaqa) and the rulings on its loss
In the lexicon, alaqa is thick coagulated blood, or blood that clots before it dries; it is a stage in the… - Concept
Alay (Ottoman ceremonial parade and the military term)
Alay, a Turkish word probably derived from the Greek allagion, a division of the Byzantine army. In Ottoman… - Concept
Albisa (clothing: rulings, colours and manners)
Clothing is that which covers the body and protects from heat and cold. Five rulings apply: covering the… - Concept
Alcazar (from the Arabic al-qasr, castle in Spanish)
Alcazar, a Spanish word from the Arabic al-qasr, meaning castle or citadel. The Alcazars of Seville, Cordova,… - Concept
Alfunsho (the Arabic transcription of Alfonso)
Alfunsho is the form of the name Alfonso adopted by most Arab chroniclers of al-Andalus, a name borne by… - Concept
Algebra (al-jabr)
The branch of mathematics that solves problems with an unknown quantity by general methods. Al-Khwarizmi's… - Concept
Ali ibn Abi Talib's administrative principles
The principles the book draws from Ali's letter to Malik al-Ashtar and his letters to governors: balancing… - Concept
Aljamia (aljamiado: Spanish written in Arabic script, and its literature)
Aljamia is the Spanish form of the Arabic al-'ajamiyya ('non-Arabic'), a term the Muslims of al-Andalus used… - Concept
Allah (God the Unique: the Qur'anic God, his Oneness and his Names)
Allah, God the Unique, creator and Lord of judgment, is the centre of Islamic thought and its one reason for… - Concept
Allusion to a proposal during the waiting period
In his commentary on verse 235, Sha'rawi holds that allusion to a proposal to a woman in her waiting period… - Concept
Almogavares (Aragonese mountain infantry mercenaries)
Almogavares, a name given at the end of the Middle Ages to contingents of mountain mercenaries from Aragon,… - Concept
Alsagh (one with a speech defect, and its rulings)
Alsagh is one who has a speech defect in which a letter is changed, such as r to l or g, or s to th; it is… - Concept
Blindness (ama): capacity, worship, testimony and contract
In the lexicon, ama is the loss of sight, and it is also used for loss of insight. The jurists agree that… - Concept
Action (amal) and the five rulings that govern it
In the lexicon, 'amal is a trade and an act; in the scholars' general usage it covers the acts of the limbs… - Concept
The practice of the people of Medina ('amal ahl al-Madina) as evidence
Jurists use the phrase 'practice of the people of Medina' for what the people of Medina agreed upon as a… - Concept
The practice of the people of Cordoba
Cordoban ʿamal as proof: so great was the city that Maghrebi law cited 'the practice of Cordoba', including… - Concept
The turban (amama): its forms, wiping over it, and its rules in prayer and ihram
In the lexicon, 'amama is a cloth wound round the head, and its plural is 'amai'im; it is related to the… - Concept
Aman (safe-conduct granted to enemies in war)
Aman in the lexical sense is the absence of expected harm; in the technical sense it is lifting the lawful… - Concept
Amana (trust, deposit and what is entrusted)
Amana is the opposite of betrayal. It names the religious duties and whatever is entrusted to a person, such… - Concept
Trust (amanah)
Sha'rawi holds that trust in dealings rests on the believer's conscience, but a person may be trustworthy… - Concept
Amara (indication: the probable evidence in usul)
Amara is a sign in the lexical sense, and for the usulis a probable evidence: that by which correct reasoning… - Concept
Deliberate act (amd), as against error, and its rulings
In the lexicon, amd is the purpose and intention of a thing, and its opposite is error (khata'), an act done… - Concept
Amenokal (Tuareg paramount chief)
Amenokal, the current spelling of the Berber amanukal, 'any political leader not subordinate to anyone else'.… - Concept
Amghar (Berber elder and chief)
Amghar, a Berber word corresponding to the Arabic shaykh, meaning 'an elder, by virtue of age or authority'.… - Concept
Amin (the word 'amen' at the end of prayer)
Amin, 'safe', 'secure', is used in prayer and supplication as a confirmation, 'so be it', and is said in the… - Concept
Amina, the legendary wife of Solomon
Amina, a legendary wife of Solomon, to whom he entrusted the ring on which his dominion and wisdom depended.… - Concept
Amir (commander, governor, prince in Islamic history)
Amir, a term basically Islamic for commander, governor and prince. The Qur'an has only ulu l-amr, but amir… - Concept
Amir akhur (high equerry; master of the royal stables)
Amir akhur, from the Persian mir akhur, 'high equerry', one of the highest officials of Oriental courts.… - Concept
Amir al-hajj (leader of the pilgrim caravan)
The amir al-hajj was the leader of the caravan of pilgrims to Mecca. In 9/630 the Prophet nominated Abu Bakr… - Concept
Amir al-Muslimin ('commander of the Muslims', Almoravid title)
Amir al-Muslimin, 'lord of the Muslims', was first assumed by the Almoravids to distinguish it from amir… - Concept
Amir al-Umara — the over-commandership
The office that swallowed the vizierate: according to Miskawayh, first conferred on Harun ibn Gharib in 316… - Concept
Amir dad ('amir of justice', Seljuk minister of justice)
Amir dad, 'amir of justice', was minister of justice under the Seljuks, especially in Asia Minor, and other… - Concept
Amir majlis (master of audiences; Seljuk and Mamluk dignitary)
Amir majlis, 'master of audiences or ceremonies', was one of the highest dignitaries of the Seljuks of Asia… - Concept
Amir silah (grand master of the armour; Mamluk office)
Amir silah, 'grand master of the armour', was an office of the Mamluk kingdom. He was in charge of the… - Concept
The paternal uncle ('amm) in inheritance, guardianship and custody
'Amm, the paternal uncle, is the father's brother, and the plural is a'mam or 'umumah. In inheritance the… - Concept
The paternal aunt ('amma): marriage bars, inheritance, custody and maintenance
'Amma, the aunt, is the father's sister, and the word also covers the grandfather's sister; the plural is… - Concept
Amn (security of person, property and faith, and the ruler's duty to keep it)
Amn is the opposite of fear: the absence of expected harm. It is among the most necessary things for life,… - Concept
Amr (command: forms, force and meaning in usul)
Amr in the lexical sense means a matter or a state of affairs, and a request to act, the opposite of a… - Concept
Al-amr bil-maruf wal-nahy an al-munkar (commanding right and forbidding wrong)
Commanding right and forbidding wrong, which the jurists call hisba, is part of the counsel that is religion.… - Concept
Command, prohibition and capacity
The duty of complying with prohibitions by avoidance, and with commands according to one's capacity; in Abu… - Concept
Amrad (the beardless youth, and rulings on him)
Amrad is a youth whose beard has not grown and who has not reached the age when it usually appears. The… - Concept
Factors of production in the Qur'an
- Concept
Hardship and fear of sin ('anat) in marrying a slave-woman
In the lexicon, 'anat is hardship, ruin and sin; among the jurists it means adultery and lewdness, and this… - Concept
Anbik (the alembic; head of the distilling apparatus)
The anbik, from Greek, is the part of the distilling apparatus also called the head or cap, set over the… - Concept
Andjuman (association, society)
A Persian word meaning meeting, assembly or army, which in modern times names confessional, then political… - Concept
Anf (the nose, and its rulings in purification, prayer, fasting and retaliation)
Anf is the nostril, plural anaf or unuf, and its rulings vary with its place. Washing the inside of the nose… - Concept
Anfal (spoils and the other gains taken from the enemy, and their divisions)
Nafl, in lexical sense, is spoil (ghanima), and its root sense is increase. The term has five definitions in… - Concept
The angels at Badr
Rida says the verifiers held that the angels did not fight at Badr; that the command given to them was to… - Concept
Anmudhaj (a sample shown in place of an absent or heaped good, and its rules in sale)
Anmudhaj is lexically a sample showing the quality of a thing, such as a seller who shows a buyer a measure… - Concept
Anniyya (thatness, existence)
A philosophical term from the particle 'anna, 'that', a literal rendering of Aristotle's 'that it is'; it… - Concept
Ansab (stone markers set up for worship, and the rulings on them)
Ansab is the plural of nasb, stones set up around the Ka'ba, at which the pilgrims called out and upon which… - Concept
The woman left unmarried (anus) and the rules on her consent and maintenance
In the lexicon, 'anus is a woman whose marriage is delayed after she reaches the age and stays in her… - Concept
Land taken by force in war ('anwa) and its legal status
In the lexicon, 'anwa is overpowering and seizure by force; as a term among the jurists it is what is taken… - Concept
Aqal al-jam' (the least number that counts as plural)
The least number of plural in the grammarians' sense is contested, and in the jurists' view most hold it to… - Concept
Aqal ma qila (the least of what was said)
Aqal ma qila is a usuli principle: when the companions differ on an amount with several sayings, the least is… - Concept
Immovable property, real estate (aqar) and its legal effects
In the lexicon, aqar is anything with a fixed base and a settled place, such as land, a house, an estate or… - Concept
The contract (aqd): elements, offer and acceptance, and its kinds
In the lexicon, aqd is tying, binding, guarantee and covenant. In the general sense it is any undertaking a… - Concept
Creed and law (aqida and shari'a)
The division in which Mahmud Shaltut sets out Islam as two parts that cannot be realised without each other:… - Concept
Kin liability for blood money (aqila)
- Concept
Al-Aqiq: the valley as a place of ihram and the carnelian stone in law (aqiq)
In the lexicon, al-aqiq is a valley cut by a torrent and a red stone used for the settings of rings; several… - Concept
The sacrifice for a newborn (aqiqa): its ruling, age, animals and manner
In the lexicon, aqiqa is the hair a child is born with, and it names the animal sacrificed for a newborn; as… - Concept
Reason as the basis of legal capacity and of the blood-money (aql)
In the lexicon, aql is restraint and reason, the opposite of folly; it is also used for blood-money. As a… - Concept
Aqlaf (an uncircumcised man)
Aqlaf is a man who has not been circumcised; its opposite is the mukhtatan (circumcised). Removing the… - Concept
Wounding an animal that cannot be taken (aqr) and its effect on lawfulness and liability
In the lexicon, aqr is wounding; a horse or camel is hamstrung with a sword by cutting its legs. The jurists… - Concept
The seven kinds of authorship
Hajji Khalifa's seven legitimate kinds of authorship — invention of what none preceded in, completion of the… - Concept
Aqta' (one who has lost a hand or foot)
Aqta' in the lexical sense means one with a cut-off hand; in the jurists' usage, one who has lost a hand or a… - Concept
Arab medicine in European schools
Arslan argues that Arab medical books were the standard teaching texts in European schools until the late… - Concept
The Arabs and their peoples before Islam
The opening chapter of al-Raheeq al-Makhtum: the word 'Arab', the peninsula's borders, size and position… - Concept
The Arabic language in jurisprudence (arabiyya)
In the lexicon, 'Arabic' (arabiyya) describes a language that is eloquent and pure; the Arabic language is… - Concept
Sweat and its ruling on purity (araq)
In the lexicon, araq is the water that flows from the roots of the hair through the skin. Jurists use it in… - Concept
Offering (ard) in marriage matters
In the lexicon, ard means showing and disclosing; the jurists use the word in its lexical sense. In marriage,… - Concept
Ard (land: purity, places and rulings)
Land is pure by default. An impurity that is liquid is cleansed by flooding the ground with water; a solid… - Concept
Guaranteed loan (ariya madmuna)
A legal principle of property liability established in prophetic tradition when the Prophet borrowed one… - Concept
Arpalik (barley money)
An Ottoman term meaning 'barley money', an allowance granted to chief civil, military and religious officers… - Concept
Elephant's sweat (musth perfume)
The musk-like secretion on Indian elephants' foreheads in their season of frenzy — gathered at its appearing… - Concept
Courtyard or open plot (arsa)
In the lexicon, arsa is the courtyard of a house, an open wide space with no building on it; some say any… - Concept
Arsh (compensation for injury)
Arsh is the property due for a wrong short of killing, and is sometimes used for the full diya. The lawgiver… - Concept
Agnatic kin (asaba) in inheritance, guardianship and custody
In the lexicon, asaba are a man's sons and his paternal relatives, who inherit from him. As a term they are… - Concept
Honey: its medicinal use and zakat (asal)
In the lexicon, asal is the saliva of the bee, which God made a healing for people; the Arabs use the word… - Concept
Stallion's service and its fee (asb al-fahl)
In the lexicon, asb is the mating of a stallion, that is its covering of the female; it may also mean its… - Concept
Companions of the Cave (Ashab al-Kahf)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy describes the cave in which the young men took refuge as narrow and dark, and says they… - Concept
Companions of the Fire and of Paradise
Sha'rawi holds that companionship means affection and constant attachment: the Fire clings to those who… - Concept
Ashab al-Ukhdud (the people of the trench)
An obscure Qur'anic expression at the start of sura 85 (verses 4-7), 'those of the trench'. Early… - Concept
The ten promised Paradise
The ten Companions whom the Prophet named and gave the good news of Paradise, to whom al-Tahawi bears… - Concept
Ash'ariyya (the Ash'ari school of theology)
A theological school named after Abu 'l-Hasan al-Ash'ari (d. 324 AH), founded by disciples who gathered round… - Concept
'Ashik (wandering minstrel-poets)
An Arabic word meaning lover, often in the mystical sense. Among the Anatolian and Adharbayjani Turks, from… - Concept
The last ten nights of Ramadan
In the usage of the jurists, the last ten nights of Ramadan begin on the night of the twenty-first and end… - Concept
The first ten days of Dhu al-Hijja
The first ten days of Dhu al-Hijja are the period from the first of the month to its tenth day. The jurists… - Concept
Signs of the Hour
al-Tahawi's statement of belief in the signs of the Hour: the coming of the Dajjal, the descent of Jesus son… - Concept
Asking for a king to fight (the notables of Banu Isra'il)
Sha'rawi tells how the notables of Banu Isra'il asked their prophet for a king to fight in God's cause. He… - Concept
Arab naming of children after plants
Al-Hamdani observes that the Arabs inclined to name their men after thorny grazing shrubs — for the hardness,… - Concept
Jahiliyya names of days and months
The Arabs' Jahiliyya week — Awwal, Ahwan, Jubar, Dubar, Mu'nis, 'Aruba, Shiyar — and their months: Natiq for… - Concept
The most beautiful names of God (asma' Allah al-husna)
The most beautiful names of God: 'God has ninety-nine names — a hundred less one — whoever enumerates them… - Concept
Stipend from the public treasury (ata)
- Concept
The gift of lordship and the gift of godhead
Sha'rawi separates the gift of lordship, which God gives to all creatures in this world such as the sun, rain… - Concept
Atawa (Tribute)
The atawa, money a king or country pays the ruling power under sulh — as Rutbil's to al-Hajjaj, nine hundred… - Concept
Trace, effect, report (athar)
In the lexicon, athar means the remainder of a thing or a report. Jurists and usulis use it for the remainder… - Concept
Effects of sin (athar al-maasi)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy lists the effects of disobedience: darkness in the face, emptiness in people's hearts,… - Concept
Atma (fire-spring)
al-Mas'udi's term for a spring of fire rising from the earth — Sicily's al-Burkan, Wadi Barhut in Hadramawt,… - Concept
Sifa (the attribute: its meaning for grammarians, jurists and usulis, its role in sale and salam, and the effect of an unmet description)
In language sifa is the adornment or description of a thing. For grammarians it is a noun showing some state… - Concept
One-eyed defect ('awar) and its effect on sacrifice, marriage, manumission and injury
'Awar is the loss of sight in one eye; the jurists use the word in its plain sense. It is distinguished from… - Concept
Increase of the shares ('awl) in inheritance
In the lexicon, 'awl is rising and increase; in inheritance it is the enlargement of the common base of the… - Concept
Awl (proportional reduction of shares in inheritance)
- Concept
Awliyya (priority: the better course and the reasoning from the more fitting case, in usul and fiqh)
Awliyya in lexical sense is the state of one thing being more fitting than another, that is more deserving… - Concept
Swimming (awm) and the instruction to learn it
In the lexicon, awm is swimming, and a 'awwam is one skilled in it; the technical sense does not differ.… - Concept
Awqat al-Salat (the prescribed times of the five prayers, the recommended and disliked times, and the rules of combining and of missed prayers)
Awqat is the time fixed for an act; the times of prayer are those the law has set for performing a prayer on… - Concept
Awra (intimate parts)
Awra in fiqh is the part of the body that must be covered; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia treats it across the… - Concept
The first revealed of the Qur'an
A disagreement over what was revealed first. Rashid Rida sets it out at the start of the commentary on… - Concept
The aya
The aya in Qur'anic-sciences usage is the division of the sura bounded by separators; each sura comprises a… - Concept
The signs in the human being (ayat al-insan)
The signs of God in the human being, as Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy presents them: the upright stature and the… - Concept
Aywaz (footman)
The term for the footmen of great households in the later Ottoman Empire, generally Armenians of Van. A… - Concept
The days of the old woman
The seven bitter days at February's end — Sinn, Sinabbar, Wabr, Amir, Mu'tamir, Mu'allal and Mutfi' al-Jamr… - Concept
Days of the Arabs (Ayyam al-'Arab)
The name for the combats the Arab tribes fought amongst themselves in the pre-Islamic era, and sometimes in… - Concept
The ill-omened days
Every Wednesday falling on the fourth of the month in the Arabs' reckoning — the fourth past, the fourteenth,… - Concept
The days of Tashriq
The days of Mina — second of the slaughter through the thirteenth of Dhu al-Hijja — whose name is disputed:… - Concept
'Ayyar
The name for organised bands of warriors in 'Iraq and Persia from the ninth to the twelfth century, linked… - Concept
'Azab (Ottoman fighting men)
An Arabic term meaning unmarried, applied in the Turkish and Ottoman régimes to several kinds of troops:… - Concept
Al-Azhari (nisba)
A nisba denoting a person who studied at al-Azhar University in Cairo, applied to many scholars of the… - Concept
Original ruling (azima) and concession (rukhsa)
In the lexicon, azima is effort and earnestness in a matter, and the azima of God is His obligation. As a… - Concept
Dismissal from office and withdrawal (azl)
In the lexicon, azl means removal or setting aside, as in removing someone from a post. The supreme imamate… - Concept
Resolve and its legal effect (azm)
In the lexicon, azm is the resolve of the heart to act, and it also means patience and perseverance. As a… - Concept
The youth cultural crisis
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on the youth cultural crisis. Seventy-one percent voted that the youth suffer a… - Concept
Baba (title)
A Turkish and Persian term meaning father, used as a title for elders and in dervish circles, and sometimes… - Concept
Bad-i hawa (Ottoman windfall revenues)
An Ottoman fiscal term for irregular, occasional revenues from fines, fees, registration charges and other… - Concept
Bada' (change in the divine ruling)
A theological term for the emergence of new circumstances causing a change in an earlier divine ruling;… - Concept
Badr as a sign and a lesson
Sha'rawi reads the battle of Badr in Al Imran 13 as a visible sign: the believing group fighting for God… - Concept
The Bahira legend
The legend that the monk Bahira taught Muhammad his faith and was the real author of the Qur'an. Arslan… - Concept
Bank money creation
- Concept
Supervision of banks
- Concept
The baqt, the annual Nubian levy
In al-Baladhuri: Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh made peace with the Nubians not on jizya but on a truce of… - Concept
Barley (shi'ir): zakat, zakat al-fitr, sale of standing crops and its place among the ribawi goods
Barley is a known grain, less valued than wheat as food. Several rulings attach to it: zakat on crops, zakat… - Concept
The humanity of the Messenger (bashariyyat al-rasul)
Sha'rawi holds that the Messenger's humanity is necessary for the completeness of the message: he must be of… - Concept
Sale of debts and deferred pricing
- Concept
Sale of the prohibited
The prohibition of selling the prohibited in the forty-fifth hadith of Ibn Rajab's additions: 'God and His… - Concept
Selling self and wealth to God (bay al-nafs wal-mal ila Allah)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy presents the giving of self and wealth in the way of God as a contract of sale in which… - Concept
The bay'a (oath of allegiance)
The bay'a in legal usage is the contract of submission and obedience; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia treats… - Concept
The Sunna as explanation of the Qur'an
- Concept
Bayt al-mal (public treasury)
- Concept
Burden of proof and oath
The rule of litigation founded by Ibn Abbas's hadith — the thirty-third of the Forty — 'proof lies on the… - Concept
Belief in the messengers without distinction
Sha'rawi holds that the principles of belief are one in all revelations, while rulings change with the… - Concept
Bid'a (religious innovation)
Introducing into religion what the Lawgiver's command did not bring; Ibn Rajab makes Aisha's hadith 'whoever… - Concept
Righteousness (birr)
In the twenty-seventh hadith of the Forty, righteousness (birr) and sin (ithm) are defined through conscience… - Concept
Breastfeeding and weaning
In his commentary on the nursing verse (al-Baqara 2:233), Sha'rawi treats the period of suckling, the child's… - Concept
The burqa
The burqa in juristic usage is a garment by which the woman veils her face; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia… - Concept
The temples of the seven planets
The report that seven great houses were raised to the planets — the Ka'ba named Saturn's for its endurance,… - Concept
The fire-temples
The first fire-temple builder, in al-Mas'udi's telling, was Afridun — told the flame was a link to God of the… - Concept
The difference between caliphate and kingship
Arslan separates caliphate from kingship. In his account the caliphate is a general trusteeship of the… - Concept
The causes of the early Arab expansion
Arslan surveys European explanations for how fast the Arab conquests moved: the warlike character of the… - Concept
Causes of ownership
- Concept
Childhood (sighar: its stages, the rights and duties of the minor, guardianship, the minor in worship and contracts, marriage, testimony and penalties)
In language sighar is smallness of size or age; as a term it is a state that attaches to a person from birth… - Concept
Safi (the chosen share of the spoils taken by the Prophet before division: the majority view that it was his alone, Abu Thawr's view, and its end)
In language safi is the pure part of anything, and istasfa means to choose. As a term it is a thing chosen… - Concept
Christianity in Arabia before Islam
Christianity came to Arabia through the Abyssinian and Roman occupations in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account:… - Concept
Colonial powers and Islam
A short chapter in which Arslan argues that the Allied powers in the First World War refused alliances with… - Concept
Safqa (the single deal: combining two things or two contracts in one transaction, and how the lawful and the unlawful within it are treated)
A safqa is one stroke of clapping and, in law, a contract; people who clap hands on a sale are said to have… - Concept
Shuyu' (undivided common ownership: sale, division, zakat, pledge, gift, lease and endowment of a shared thing)
Shuyu' is the right of two or more persons in one thing without a division of shares; the jurists call it… - Concept
Suhba (companionship with the Prophet: who is a Companion, how companionship is proved, the uprightness of all Companions, and the ruling on insulting them)
When the word is used alone in law it means companionship with the Prophet. A Companion is, in Ibn Hajar's… - Concept
The completion of the final message of earlier ones
Sha'rawi holds that Islam did not come to abolish earlier religions but to complete what they contain of… - Concept
Compulsory public loan
- Concept
Conflict between two falsehoods
Sha'rawi holds that there is only one truth, so a battle between truth and falsehood is short, while a battle… - Concept
Shura (consultation: its ruling, the Prophet's consultation, consultation of judges, the duty of the adviser, and the succession by council)
Shura is seeking and reviewing opinion. The jurists differ on its ruling: al-Nawawi and Ibn 'Atiyya hold it… - Concept
Rules of consumption
- Concept
Crafts in Islam
Al-Maraghi calls crafts a pillar of the economy and the basis of civilisations, and a communal duty (fard… - Concept
Currency exchange (sarf)
- Concept
God repels some people by means of others
Arjun holds that one of God's sunan in the struggle between truth and falsehood is that some people are… - Concept
Daf' (the fiqh term: repelling, giving, returning and rebutting)
In the lexicon daf' means pushing away, delaying, pleading on behalf of another and returning; as a term it… - Concept
Dahri (the naturalist who holds that time is eternal)
As a term the Dahriyya are a group of disbelievers who held that time is eternal and attributed events to it,… - Concept
Da'i al-Du'at — the chief missionary
The da'i al-du'at, the great official to whom the headship of the Ismaili da'wa was entrusted under the… - Concept
The Dajjal
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons, the Dajjal is the trial of the last days. He mentions that he carries… - Concept
Al-Dakhil in fiqh (possessor in dispute)
Al-dakhil in the terminology of the jurists is the possessor who actually holds the disputed object or whose… - Concept
Dalil (evidence in the principles of jurisprudence)
In lexicon a dalil is a guide or a revealer; as a term it is what, through sound reasoning, leads to… - Concept
Blood (in fiqh)
In fiqh blood is the red fluid that runs in the veins of living creatures; jurists also use the word for… - Concept
Dinars (gold coins and their legal measure)
A dinar is a piece of gold coin struck to a set weight, and in the jurists' usage it is the same as the… - Concept
Dar al-Islam (the abode of Islam)
Dar al-Islam in the terminology of jurists is every territory in which the rulings and institutions of Islam… - Concept
Al-Dar in fiqh (the house / residential estate)
Al-dar linguistically is a collective noun comprising courtyard, structure, and quarter, metaphorically… - Concept
Darafsh-i Kaviyan
The leather standard raised against al-Dahhak by Afridun's host — 'darafsh' glossed in Old Persian as the… - Concept
The Nizari da'wa's graded recruitment
The arsenal the Nizari da'wa gave its da'is to win recruits: tafris — 'reading' the soul's depths and the… - Concept
Da'wa
Da'wa in Islamic usage is the conveying of Islam to people; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia lists 'conveying… - Concept
Da'wa (the fiqh article: call, invitation and summons)
In fiqh the word da'wa covers three senses the encyclopedia treats: conveying the religion and entering it,… - Concept
Claim before the judge (legal sense of da'wa)
In technical usage a claim (da'wa) is a statement by which a person seeks to establish a right against… - Concept
The state (in fiqh and siyasa shar'iyya)
In fiqh the state rests on three pillars: the territory, the subjects (Muslims and protected non-Muslims),… - Concept
Dayatha (cuckoldry: failing to guard one's family, in fiqh)
In the lexicon dayatha is a lack of jealousy over one's household and kin; the dayyuth is the man without… - Concept
God's debt (dayn Allah): obligations owed to God that remain in the liability
God's debt is a right of God that stays in the liability of the obligated person, with no human claimant:… - Concept
Debt (dayn) in fiqh
In fiqh a debt is a binding right in the obligor's liability; it covers money and other things, such as a… - Concept
Writing down debts and calling witnesses
Sha'rawi reads the debt verse as documentation that protects the debtor from himself and from circumstances.… - Concept
Derivation of the cause (takhrij al-manat)
Takhrij al-manat is the effort to establish the cause of a ruling when a text or consensus states the ruling… - Concept
Financial derivatives
- Concept
The descent of Jesus son of Mary before the Hour
Sha'rawi holds that the Prophet told that the son of Mary would come again. He relies on a hadith reported by… - Concept
Shahwa (desire: its effect on touch and ablution, on fasting and pilgrimage, on looking, on marriage by touch and on the breaking of the marriage bond)
Shahwa is the longing of the self for pleasant things. Al-Mawardi held that the self should be given a… - Concept
The devshirme (Ottoman levy of boys)
The devshirme — the name given in European sources to the Ottoman levy of Christian boys for the Janissary… - Concept
Slaughter (dhaba'ih): the lawful killing of animals for food in fiqh
In the terms of the jurists, slaughter is the cutting of the throat or the lower neck; dhaka is the wider… - Concept
Blame and reproach (dhamm) in the rulings
Dhamm is the opposite of praise; in the rulings it is harm done to another, such as slander, abuse and… - Concept
Sin (dhanb)
Dhanb in the legal-religious terminology is sin and what incurs accountability; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia… - Concept
Dhari'a (the means that lead to an end; see blocking the means)
Dhari'a in the lexicon is the means that leads to a thing; as a term it is whatever leads to a further end.… - Concept
Taste (dhawq) in the rulings: fasting, injury to it, and oaths
Dhawq is perceiving the taste of a thing through the moisture spread on the nerve over the tongue; it is one… - Concept
Remembrance of God (dhikr)
Remembrance of God in the fiftieth hadith — the seal of Ibn Rajab's additions — is the comprehensive gate to… - Concept
Dhikr (the remembrance of God in the rulings of fiqh)
In the rulings dhikr is the servant's remembrance of his Lord by statement, recitation, supplication or… - Concept
Dhimma (the covenant of protection)
Dhimma in al-Baladhuri is the written covenant of security granted to treaty peoples of the Book: its formula… - Concept
Dhimma (the liability that bears rights and duties, in the rulings)
In the rulings the dhimma is a quality in a person, or a self with an obligation, by which he is fit to bear… - Concept
Adam's descendants latent in him
Sha'rawi holds that Adam's descendants were latent in him at creation, that life has been continuous since… - Concept
al-Dinariyya al-Kubra (the greater Dinar case in inheritance)
The Greater Dinar is another named problem in inheritance: the heirs are a wife, a mother or grandmother, two… - Concept
al-Dinariyya al-Sughra (the lesser Dinar case in inheritance)
The Lesser Dinar is a named problem in inheritance: the estate passes to seventeen women, three wives, two… - Concept
Discoveries as the birth of hidden secrets
Sha'rawi divides the unseen into what God has given means for, which inquiry can reach, and what has no… - Concept
Dissuading others from fighting
In language, takhdhil means to make someone let down a companion and hold back from helping him; as a term it… - Concept
Distribution in Islam
- Concept
Diversity of talents and social interdependence
Sha'rawi holds that God distributed talents among creatures and did not gather them in one person, so that… - Concept
Attributes such as 'hand': the salaf and khalaf approaches
On the verse about God's hand (48:10), Sha'rawi sets out two approaches: that of the salaf, to take the word… - Concept
God's ownership of all that is in the heavens and earth
Sha'rawi holds that human ownership of things is an accident that ends with death or with changing… - Concept
God repelling some people by others
Sha'rawi holds that the verse on God repelling some people by others states a cosmic law. The earth would be… - Concept
Divorce before consummation
Sha'rawi sets out what a woman divorced before consummation is owed. If no dower was fixed, she receives a… - Concept
Diwan al-Barid (the postal diwan)
The postal diwan as Abu al-Faraj Qudama ibn Ja'far prescribes it in Kitab al-Kharaj wa-Sina'at al-Kitaba: a… - Concept
Diwan al-Khatim (the seal registry)
The seal registry: Mu'awiya was the first to institute it, appointing Ubayd Allah ibn Aws al-Ghassani and… - Concept
The Diwan of Water
The Abbasid Diwan of Water — the office charged with irrigation water: cutting canals, maintaining dams, and… - Concept
Diwan (the state register: the office books of troops, taxes, judges and governors)
A diwan is a register in which names or documents are entered, and which keeps what concerns the state's… - Concept
The Zamam Diwan and Seal
Ibn al-Muqaffa' described the Persian chancery: a royal command stood before the sahib al-tawqi', his servant… - Concept
Diyana (the rule that a person's own intention is judged before God, not by the court)
As a term, diyana means accepting a swearer's or divorcer's stated intention, when the words are clear and… - Concept
Religions of Jahiliyya Arabia
Al-Mas'udi's taxonomy of the Arabs before Islam: unitarians affirming the Creator and resurrection — with the… - Concept
Blood-money (diya) in fiqh
In fiqh diya is the compensation for a killing or for an injury to a body part. It falls on the killer in an… - Concept
Shakk (doubt in law: its kinds, the rule that certainty is not removed by doubt, and its effect on worship, contracts, penalties and evidence)
Shakk is hesitation between two possibilities, whether they are equal or one prevails. The rule of the… - Concept
Oil and fat (the fiqh rules on oil)
Duhn is any oil or fat used for anointing; samn is fat from living animals and shahm is what melts from… - Concept
The world (dunya)
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons the world is compared to a large store where a person fills his cart and… - Concept
The scholars' duty to speak the truth
Arjun gives rulers the power to act and scholars the word, and holds that the word of truth precedes the… - Concept
The economic condition of the Arabs before Islam
In al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account the economy followed the social condition: trade was the chief means of… - Concept
Economic freedom in Islam
- Concept
Economy as moderation
- Concept
Emancipation of enemy slaves upon fleeing to Muslim lines
A legal principle in Islamic law of war established during the siege of Ta'if when the Prophet proclaimed:… - Concept
Environmental protection in Islam
Muhyi al-Din Afifi Ahmad holds that pollution of water, air and land threatens people and societies, and that… - Concept
Equality in Islam
Muhammad al-Khidr Husayn holds that people are created alike in nature, then differ in social life, and that… - Concept
The ethics of the new community in Medina
The manners the Prophet taught his companions in Medina: spreading the greeting of peace, feeding people,… - Concept
Sarih (the explicit word in law: its meaning, its sources, the difference from the allusive word, and its rules across the chapters of law)
In language sarih is what is free of the attachments of others; as a term it is an utterance whose meaning is… - Concept
God's bounty, given to whom he wills
Sha'rawi holds that bounty lies in God's hand and he gives it to whom he wills, so no one has a claim upon… - Concept
Epicycle
A small orb carried on the eccentric deferent, in which the body moves. The centre of the epicycle moves… - Concept
Eccentric orb
An orb whose centre is off the earth's centre, so that a body's distance from the earth varies between apogee… - Concept
Philosophy
Philosophy in Islamic civilisation; Ibn Bajja was counted among the philosophers of Islam, and Ibn Rushd… - Concept
Shahadat al-zur (false testimony: its proof, its punishment, the effect of a judgement based on it, and the repentance of the false witness)
False testimony is the giving of testimony known to be false in order to reach a falsehood. It is a major sin… - Concept
The transience of the world (fana al-dunya)
The transience of the world in Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's teaching in the series 'Al Fawzu Al Moubeen': the… - Concept
The scarcity of female symbols across history
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on the scarcity of female symbols across history — not to weaken woman but to ask… - Concept
Teamwork and running meetings
Tareq al-Suwaidan's seven criteria of a work team — choosing a leader who actually leads, planning,… - Concept
The difference between Adam's sin and Iblis's
Sha'rawi holds that Adam's error was heedlessness; that he confessed and repented, and God accepted his… - Concept
Fasiq
Fasiq in fiqh is one who departs from obedience through a grave sin or persistence in sin; the Kuwaiti Fiqh… - Concept
Conquest by force (anwa)
Fath 'anwa in al-Baladhuri is taking a town or land by combat and siege: his example is Khaybar — he reports… - Concept
Conquest by treaty (sulh)
Fath sulhan in al-Baladhuri is taking a town by negotiated capitulation without combat: his first example is… - Concept
Fay' (property restored without battle)
Fay' in al-Baladhuri's usage is property God restored (afaa) to the Muslims from the People of the Book… - Concept
The global financial crisis of 2008 (an Islamic economic reading)
- Concept
Financial expiations (kaffarat)
- Concept
Fiqh al-tamkin (the fiqh of the nation's empowerment)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy holds that the nation's empowerment has conditions, causes, obstacles and results, and… - Concept
Believer's insight (firasa)
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lesson, firasa is a kind of inspiration given to the believer who has cleansed his… - Concept
Fisq (going out of God's law)
Sha'rawi holds that fisq originally means the date leaving its skin, and that the religion took the word as a… - Concept
Century calamities (fitan al-mi'at)
The 'century calamity' pattern al-Suyuti sets at his book's close, from Abd Allah ibn Amr's saying that each… - Concept
Corruption spreads beyond the guilty
Arjun holds that when corruption spreads, God's punishment can reach people who did not commit the wrong.… - Concept
The trial of wealth (fitnat al-mal)
- Concept
Fitra (innate disposition)
In Muhammad Farid Wajdi's book, fitra is the human soul's disposition to religion, which he identifies with… - Concept
The five pillars of Islam
The five acts on which Islam is built according to the sound hadith: the testimony that there is no god but… - Concept
Fleeing from death
On verse 243, about those who left their homes in fear of death, Sha'rawi holds that the Qur'an leaves their… - Concept
Forbidden livelihoods in Islam
Al-Maraghi says Islam forbids only work that attacks the mind, the person, property or honour (p. 17). He… - Concept
Free choice and compulsion
Sha'rawi holds that God compels the orders of creation as He wills, while the human is free in belief and… - Concept
Free resources and their share
- Concept
Freedom in Islam
Muhammad al-Khidr Husayn starts from the lexical sense of freedom as release and manumission, then from its… - Concept
Freedom of honour in Islam
Muhammad al-Khidr Husayn holds that a person naturally wants his honour kept free from attack, and that the… - Concept
Freedom of property in Islam
Muhammad al-Khidr Husayn treats freedom of property under four heads: acquiring wealth, its middle course,… - Concept
Freedom of thought and despotism in Islamic history
In his preface Arslan offers an overall thesis: an early age of free reasoning and ijtihad, followed by a… - Concept
Friendship (its meaning, the law's encouragement of it, eating at a friend's house, and a friend's testimony for a friend)
In language friendship (sadaqa) comes from truth in affection and counsel; in usage it is the agreement of… - Concept
Fu'ad and qalb (the heart as insight)
Two Qur'anic words, fu'ad and qalb, used for an inner faculty of insight that sees and understands and… - Concept
Curiosity about others (fudul)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy holds that fudul, following and asking about what does not concern a person in other… - Concept
Ghabn (undervaluation) in sale
- Concept
Ghadab (anger)
The soul's agitation at offence or opposition, from which the sharia magnifies the call to guard; a man came… - Concept
Ghadd al-basar (lowering the gaze)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy holds that lowering the gaze protects insight, that many incidents begin with a glance,… - Concept
Ghanima (spoils of war)
In Rida's account, ghanima is what the Muslims take in movable property from war against unbelievers by… - Concept
Al-ghayb (the unseen)
Al-ghayb in the creed is what is beyond sense and perception of what God has informed; the Sharh al-Tahawiyya… - Concept
Ghayba (occultation)
Ghayba — the Twelver belief that the imam may withdraw from sight without ceasing to exist; for the twelfth… - Concept
The ghul
The desert ghul — goat-legged, appearing to travellers in lonely places; Arabs kept to the track chanting the… - Concept
The ghulamiyyat fashion
The boy-lookalike maids — cropped, turbaned and belted like lads — whom Zubayda dressed for al-Amin, a court… - Concept
Prohibition of misappropriating spoils (ghulul)
A strict legal and ethical prohibition forbidding the misappropriation of spoils before equitable… - Concept
Ghurbat al-Islam (the strangeness of Islam)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy holds that Islam began as a strange thing and will return strange, and that the second… - Concept
Shukr (gratitude to God and to people: its meaning, its rulings, its virtue and its opposite)
Shukr is the acknowledgement of a kindness, its spreading and praise of its doer. It is made by the tongue,… - Concept
Guidance and provision: guidance by showing and guidance by help
Sha'rawi distinguishes guidance by showing, the clarity that a prophet or any caller provides, from guidance… - Concept
Habl al-habala (the offspring of the offspring)
Habl al-habala means, in the lexicon, the young carried in a she-camel's womb, and in the technical sense the… - Concept
Habs (imprisonment and detention)
In the technical sense habs is holding a person back, preventing him from acting for himself and going about… - Concept
Ritual impurity (hadath)
Impurity (hadath) is a legal quality that settles on the limbs, removes ritual purity and bars valid prayer… - Concept
Gifts to officials (hadaya al-ummal) and the rule against them
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy holds that public money is a trust in the hands of the ruler and official, and that… - Concept
Hadhayan (delirium: its effect on acts and testimony)
Hadhayan in the lexical sense is speech without sense, in illness or otherwise; technically it is speaking… - Concept
Hadi (the whitish fluid before childbirth: its ruling on ablution and purity)
Hadi, in the technical sense, is a term of the Malikis: a whitish fluid that comes from a pregnant woman near… - Concept
Sacred hadith (hadith qudsi)
A hadith qudsi is what the Prophet related from his Lord, marked in the chains by the formula 'among what he… - Concept
Hadiyya (gift)
Hadiyya in the lexical sense is a thing of value sent to another as an honour; technically it is the transfer… - Concept
Hadm (demolition, real and legal)
Hadm in the lexical sense is tearing down a building, destruction or collapse; the technical sense does not… - Concept
Hadr (blood and value wasted: no retaliation, no compensation)
Hadr means waste or nullity; as a technical term, a hadr soul is one for which there is neither retaliation,… - Concept
The Hadrami question in Java
Arslan describes how the Dutch restricted Hadrami Arab migrants in the Dutch East Indies, limiting their… - Concept
Hady (animal offered to the Sacred Precinct)
The hady, in lexical and legal usage, is the animal (camel, cow or goat) brought to the Sacred Precinct and… - Concept
Barrier (hail)
A hail is a barrier. In fiqh the word is used for a screen between the worshipper and one who passes in… - Concept
Hair, wool and fur (their purity, the rules for the dead, washing, adornment and sale)
Hair, wool and fur are parts that grow on people and animals, and the rules of purity and impurity apply to… - Concept
Wall (haith) and the shared wall
The wall (haith) and the rules on a shared wall: how a partner may be compelled to share the cost of repair,… - Concept
Need (hajah) in fiqh
Hajah in the language is want; as a technical term it is what people need to remove a hardship that would… - Concept
The Black Stone (al-Hajar al-Aswad)
The Black Stone is a dark, roughly oval stone set in the south-east corner of the Ka'ba, which… - Concept
Blocking of heirs (hajb)
Hajb (blocking) in inheritance is the barring of an heir from the whole share, called hajb hirman, or from a… - Concept
Chamberlain (hajib)
A hajib is the attendant at the door of a ruler or judge who admits people. The encyclopedia distinguishes… - Concept
Rulings on the hajj
Hajj, in the sacred sense, is the purposeful journey to the Sacred House and to Arafat in the months of hajj… - Concept
Hajr (abandonment and shunning: its rules for a believer, a sinner, an innovator and a wife)
Hajr in the lexical sense is the opposite of joining; technically it is leaving what must be attended to, and… - Concept
Interdiction (hajr)
Interdiction (hajr) means prevention. Jurists define it differently: the Shafi'is and Hanbalis as a bar on… - Concept
Hakim (the judge, in fiqh usage)
In fiqh usage hakim is a general term covering the caliph, the governor, the judge and the arbitrator, but… - Concept
Halak (destruction of property and its legal effect)
Halak in the legal sense is the loss of a thing's intended benefit, whether or not it survives, and it is… - Concept
The lawful, the unlawful and the doubtful
The division of rulings and things into plainly lawful, plainly unlawful, and doubtful matters between them… - Concept
Halal (the lawful)
Halal is lexically the opposite of haram, and technically what the law permits; for the majority it covers… - Concept
Halif (judicial oath)
Halif is lexically an oath, from a root meaning firm resolve; technically it is the affirmation of a ruling… - Concept
Halq (shaving and cutting hair)
Halq lexically is removing hair, and also names the throat; istihdad is shaving the pubic area and naf't is… - Concept
Hamal (pregnancy and carrying)
Hamal in jurisprudence is what a female carries in her womb, and it also means lifting and carrying a load,… - Concept
Hamala (bearing a debt to end a feud)
Hamala is the blood-money or fine a person bears for another; technically it is the debt a man undertakes to… - Concept
Hamd (praise of God and thanks)
Hamd is lexically the opposite of blame and means thanks, contentment and full praise in speech for a… - Concept
Hamiyya (diet and abstention in illness)
Hamiyya lexically means prohibition, to keep the sick from what harms him, and it is a lawful form of… - Concept
Resolve for an act (hamm)
The hamm in the thirty-seventh hadith of the Forty — the heart's resolve upon an act before doing it — is the… - Concept
Hamm (resolve or intention of the heart, and its legal effect)
Hamm in the legal sense is the resolve of the heart to do something, good or bad, before doing it; it is… - Concept
Public Bathhouse
The public bathhouse; Basra's first was Abdallah ibn Uthman ibn Abi al-As's, the second Fil's (Ziyad's… - Concept
Hammam (bath-house)
Hammam is lexically a bath-house with hot water, and later any bathing. The Hanafis (sound view), Malikis and… - Concept
Hamw (husband's relatives; in-law rules)
Hamw lexically is the father of a husband or his brother, or any relative of the husband's side; hama is the… - Concept
Hanif (the description of Abraham)
Sha'rawi holds that the root of hanif is a bend in the lower legs, and that the sense was then carried over… - Concept
Hanth (breaking an oath)
Hanth lexically is a great sin and wrong-doing; technically it is breaking an oath, so that a swearer who… - Concept
Haqin (one who holds back urine)
A haqin is a person holding back urine, a haqib one holding back faeces and a hazeq one holding back wind.… - Concept
Haqiqa (literal sense)
In technical use haqiqa is a word employed for what it was coined to mean in the convention through which… - Concept
The enterprise's own share (haqq al-mashru)
- Concept
Right (haqq)
Haqq means, in Arabic usage, what is established, owed or certain, the opposite of falsehood. In the jurists'… - Concept
Hardship (haraj)
Hardship (haraj) means narrowness in the lexicon; jurists use it for whatever causes narrowness to the body,… - Concept
The Sanctuary of Medina
The Prophet's declaration of Medina as a sanctuary, as Abraham sanctified Mecca, with defined bounds —… - Concept
Precincts (harim)
Harim (sanctum, enclosure) in the lexicon is what is forbidden and not to be violated, the courtyard of a… - Concept
Harisa (a superficial wound)
Harisa is a superficial head wound that scratches and slightly splits the skin without drawing blood; it is… - Concept
Harvest (hisad)
Harvest (hisad) is the cutting of the crop, and the jurists also use it for what remains in the field after… - Concept
Envy (hasad)
Envy in the hadith 'do not envy one another, do not outbid one another, do not hate one another, do not turn… - Concept
Envy (hasad)
Envy (hasad) is wishing that a blessing be taken from another; the community agrees it is forbidden. Admiring… - Concept
Cauterising the stump (hasm)
Hasm (cauterising) means, in the lexicon, cutting, and in law dipping the stump of a cut hand or foot in… - Concept
Vain desire (hawa)
Hawa in the forty-first hadith of the Forty is the soul's inclination that must be made subject to… - Concept
Hawa (desire, and the duty to resist it)
Hawa in the technical sense is the inclination of the soul towards pleasures it relishes, without the call of… - Concept
Hawal (squint of the eye)
Hawal (squint) is lexically a whiteness at the far corner of the eye with the black at the near side; the… - Concept
Hawala (transfer of debt)
Hawala lexically is transfer; technically it is the transfer of a debt from one liability to another by offer… - Concept
The hawatif (calling voices)
Voices heard without a visible body — commonest (al-Mas'udi says) around the Prophet's birth and mission; the… - Concept
Hawd (basin of water and its rules)
Hawd lexically is a gathering of water. The jurists divide still water into much and little: much water is… - Concept
Hawl (the lunar year in zakat)
Hawl lexically is a year, and also has the senses of strength, change and staying; the year was so named from… - Concept
Hawqala (the saying 'no might nor power save in God')
Hawqala lexically is walking briskly; in common use it is the saying 'there is no might or power except in… - Concept
Hay'a (the recommended forms of prayer, and the dignified offenders)
Hay'a in the lexical sense is the outward state a thing is in, sensed or understood. In prayer the Shafi'is… - Concept
Haya (modesty)
Haya is the disposition that restrains from the disgraceful; Bukhari gives it a chapter 'haya is part of… - Concept
Haya (modesty)
Haya (modesty) is lexically a change and recoil that comes upon a person from fear of what would bring blame;… - Concept
Hayat (life and its beginning and end)
Hayat (life) is the opposite of death, a temperament that brings sensation and motion; in God's case it is an… - Concept
Hayawan (animal: food, slaughter, zakat and care)
Hayawan (animal) in the Quran is the life that does not end in death; technically it is a growing, sensing… - Concept
Hayd (menstruation)
Hayd (menstruation) is lexically a flowing; in the law it is blood that a healthy womb expels at fixed times,… - Concept
Hazl (jest in speech, and its effect on contracts, acts and belief)
Hazl is jest, the opposite of seriousness; technically it is when a word is used without intending its… - Concept
Prohibition (hazr)
Hazr (prohibition) in the lexicon means preventing; the forbidden (mahzur) is what the law forbids, and the… - Concept
Subra (a heap of goods sold by the whole without measure: its sale, the sale of a sa' from it, and the conditions of validity)
A subra is a heap of food; the jurists use the word for anything whose parts are alike. Its sale by the… - Concept
Hiba (gift: its pillars, the parties, the thing given, possession, return and conditions)
Hiba in the lexical sense is giving a thing to another without return; technically it is transferring… - Concept
Guidance (indication and help)
Sha'rawi holds that guidance has two kinds. Guidance of indication, which God gives to all people by showing… - Concept
Guidance of the Qur'an
The aim Rashid Rida places first for the tafsir: to understand the Qur'an as a religion that guides people to… - Concept
Guarding the tongue
Guarding the tongue is, for Ibn Rajab, the controlling element of all religious practice: in Mu'adh's hadith,… - Concept
God's preservation of the Qur'an
Sha'rawi holds that God preserved His speech so that it would be a proof for people, and that no fact in the… - Concept
Preservation and memorising (hifz)
Preservation (hifz) means keeping a thing from loss and ruin, and also watchfulness, as in memorising the… - Concept
The hijab
The hijab in juristic usage is that which veils the woman; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia gives it a dedicated… - Concept
Cupping (hijama)
Hijama is the drawing of blood by suction after the skin has been cut with a cupping instrument. It differs… - Concept
Hijra (migration for the sake of religion)
In the technical sense, hijra is leaving the abode of unbelief for the abode of Islam, an act done for God's… - Concept
The wise sayings attributed to Ali
A set of maxims attributed to Ali, collected by al-Sallabi in numbered sayings such as 'the night prayer is a… - Concept
Wisdom (hikma)
Sha'rawi defines wisdom as placing a thing in its beneficial place. He holds that what God commanded of… - Concept
Hikma (purpose of a ruling in usul)
In lexical use hikma is the knowledge of things as they are and acting on it; in the Quran it is applied to… - Concept
Hikr (long lease of waqf land)
Hikr lexically means injustice, narrowness and hardship; its technical uses are three: the rent fixed on a… - Concept
Hila (legal device)
Hila (legal device) is lexically skill in arranging affairs and turning the mind to reach the aim;… - Concept
Hilal (the crescent and the lunar month for the law)
Hilal in the lexical sense is the moon in a particular state; technically it is the first sighting of the lit… - Concept
Hilf (alliance and inheritance by alliance)
Hilf is lexically a covenant or alliance for mutual support; in pre-Islamic Arabia alliances bound an… - Concept
Forbearance (hilm)
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons, forbearance is first a quality of God: He is forbearing and does not… - Concept
Hilya (jewellery and its ruling)
Hilya lexically is ornament made of worked metals or precious stones. A man may not wear gold ornaments in… - Concept
Hima (protected reserve)
A reserved pasture closed to all but those for whom it is set aside; in Ibn Hisham the Prophet set a hima… - Concept
Hima (protected pasture)
Hima lexically is a place protected from people grazing in it; technically it is a stretch of waste land that… - Concept
High aspiration (himma)
High aspiration as Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy presents it: great souls exert themselves for their aims, the person… - Concept
Grudge (hiqd)
Hiqd is a settled resentment: anger held back when one cannot yet take revenge, which turns inward and… - Concept
Hiqqa (a camel of four years)
A hiqqa is a camel that has entered its fourth year, and the female is called hiqqa; the name is taken from… - Concept
Hirabah (highway robbery)
Hirabah, which most jurists call highway robbery (qat' al-tariq), is the act of taking to the road, to take… - Concept
Guarding (hirasa)
Hirasa (guarding) means keeping a thing safe continuously, and the term keeps this meaning in law. It differs… - Concept
Craft and occupation (hirfa)
Craft (hirfa) comes from earning a living, and the jurists use it for any way of earning, including appointed… - Concept
Hirr (the cat: purity, sale, damage and eating)
Hirr in the lexical sense is the male cat, with hirra for the female; it is a species of the feline family.… - Concept
Greed (hirs)
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons, greed is the craving for money and the world; he gives the image of one… - Concept
Safe custody (hirz) in theft
Hirz (safe custody) is the place set up customarily to keep people's property, such as a house, a shop, a… - Concept
Hisba: enjoining good and forbidding wrong
Hisba (the office of enjoining good and forbidding wrong) is, for most jurists, enjoining good when it is… - Concept
Hiyaza (possession and its effect on title)
Hiyaza lexically is gathering and taking something into one's hand; technically it is laying hands on a thing… - Concept
Shawra (the household goods a wife brings or is given: whose they are and the husband's use of them)
Shawra is the household goods: bedding, covering and clothing, and in Maliki usage the implements the house… - Concept
Love for one's brother
That the believer loves for his brother, and for people, what he loves for himself of good; in Anas ibn… - Concept
Love of the Companions and how to speak of them (in the Tahawi creed)
al-Tahawi's statement that the Prophet's Companions are loved, that none is disowned, that they are mentioned… - Concept
Love for God (hubb Allah)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy says that love for God reaches the reality of faith when the heart holds God dearer… - Concept
Hudb (eyelashes: injury and washing in ablution)
Hudb is the hair growing on the eyelids; the hair above the eyes is called hajib. For injuring a single… - Concept
Hudna (truce with non-Muslims)
Hudna, in the lexical sense, is calm; as a technical term it is an agreement to refrain from fighting with… - Concept
The limits of God (hudud Allah)
Al-Sha'rawi reads the 'limits of God' in inheritance, marriage and other rulings as separators that stop one… - Concept
Fixed penalties (hudud)
Hudud (sing. hadd) means a barrier in the lexicon, and in law a fixed penalty owed as God's right; the… - Concept
The world's createdness or eternity
The eternity debate as al-Mas'udi stages it: Indian and Greek eternalists' great-year recurrence, the… - Concept
The authority of the Sunna (hujjiyyat al-sunna)
- Concept
Hujna (hybridness, in the fiqh sense: spoils shares and speech)
Hujna is defect and ugliness in the lexical sense; the hajin among horses is the foal of a non-Arab mare by a… - Concept
Hukm (legal ruling)
Hukm means judgement, lexically a prevention. For the majority of usulis the legal ruling is the address of… - Concept
Hukumat al-adl (assessed compensation)
Hukuma is lexically a noun from hakama and means restraining the wrongdoer. In jurisprudence the hukuma of… - Concept
Human rights — the violations file in the Arab world
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on the human-rights file in the Arab world. The youth voted: 69% judged… - Concept
Rights and duties (huquq wal-wajibat)
Rights and duties as Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy presents them: the loss of rights blocks success, duties are… - Concept
Hur al-'ayn (companions of paradise)
The hur al-'ayn in Islamic conception are among the promised blessings of paradise for the believers; Ibn… - Concept
Hur al-ayn in Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lecture
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy says that the hur al-ayn are women whom God created with His own hand and are not like… - Concept
The sanctity of a Muslim's blood
The inviolability of the blood of one who testifies that there is no god but God and that Muhammad is His… - Concept
Security of the Sacred Precinct (amn al-haram)
The security of whoever enters the Sacred House, one of the signs the Qur'an names for the House. Rashid Rida… - Concept
Goodness of Islam — leaving what does not concern one
Part of the goodness of a person's Islam is leaving what does not concern him in word and deed and confining… - Concept
A good ending (husn al-khatima)
In his lesson Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy takes up good and bad endings of life, and says that people die on what… - Concept
Good opinion of God and optimism (husn al-zann billah)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy presents good opinion of God as the believer's hope in good and in relief; he defines… - Concept
Ibada (worship)
Ibada in the sharia is a comprehensive name for the acts of the heart and limbs that God loves and approves;… - Concept
Idol worship in the Jahiliyya and its rites
The rites of idol worship among the Arabs of the Jahiliyya as al-Raheeq al-Makhtum lists them: devotion and… - Concept
Worship of love and worship of compulsion
Sha'rawi distinguishes worship by compulsion, which every created thing renders, from worship of love, which… - Concept
Permissibility (ibaha)
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia, in its section on the effects of permissibility, describes it as an act on which no… - Concept
Sending capital to trade on a gratuitous basis (ibda')
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines ibda' as sending capital with someone who trades with it as a gift, the… - Concept
Substitution (ibdal) in fiqh
Ibdal means putting one thing in place of another; in fiqh it is a kind of disposition whose default is… - Concept
Ibham (ambiguity in speech and transactions)
In the language, ibham refers to the big finger at the end of the hand or foot, and to whatever has no known… - Concept
Son (ibn) in fiqh
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia gives the literal sense of ibn as the son in direct line by blood, from the back or… - Concept
Brother's son (nephew)
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines a brother's son as the male issue of a brother, whether full, paternal,… - Concept
Paternal uncle's son (paternal cousin)
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines a paternal uncle's son, linguistically, as the male child of a paternal… - Concept
Paternal aunt's son
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines a paternal aunt's son by blood as the male blood child of a blood paternal… - Concept
Daughter's son
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines a daughter's son by blood as the male blood child of a blood daughter; by… - Concept
Son's son (grandson in the male line)
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines a son's son as the male first descendant of a son, by blood or by fostering;… - Concept
Maternal uncle's son
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines a maternal uncle's son as the son of the mother's brother. He is either a… - Concept
Maternal aunt's son
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines a maternal aunt's son by blood as the male blood child of a blood sister of… - Concept
Wayfarer (ibn al-sabil)
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines sabil as the road, and ibn al-sabil as the traveller whose road has been cut… - Concept
Sister's son
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines a sister's son by blood as the male blood child of a blood sister, in three… - Concept
Young male camel (ibn labun)
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines ibn labun as the male young of a she-camel that has completed its second… - Concept
Young male camel in its second year (ibn makhad)
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines ibn makhad as the young of a she-camel that has entered its second year; it… - Concept
Release of a debt or right (ibra')
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines release (ibra') as the dropping by a person of a right he holds against… - Concept
Delaying the noon prayer to the cool (ibrad)
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines ibrad linguistically as entering the cool, or entering the late part of the… - Concept
Invalidation (ibtal) of acts and contracts
The Kuwaiti encyclopedia defines ibtal linguistically as the spoiling and removal of a thing, whether it is… - Concept
The smile (ibtisama)
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons the smile is a doorway to good dealing: he urges a person to begin a… - Concept
Life management and choosing one's field
Life management in Tareq al-Suwaidan's teaching — the fourth generation of time management: choosing a single… - Concept
Time management
Time management as Tareq al-Suwaidan teaches it: four generations — the to-do list of non-repeated tasks in… - Concept
Iddah (waiting period)
Iddah in fiqh is the waiting period a woman observes after divorce or widowhood before she may remarry; the… - Concept
Idhan (anointing with oil or perfume: its general ruling, the Friday and festival occasions, and the cases where it is forbidden)
Anointing (idhan) is smearing oneself with oil or perfume that contains no impurity. It is generally… - Concept
Idhn (permission: the Lawgiver's, the owner's, the right holder's and the judge's)
In law, idhn is permission to act, making an act lawful, and it is general or specific according to the… - Concept
Idkhar (saving and storing wealth: the state's reserves, individuals' savings, zakat and hoarding)
Saving (idkhar) is setting wealth aside for a time of need; hoarding is wealth whose zakat is unpaid, and… - Concept
Misleading others and bearing their burden
Sha'rawi holds that misguidance has several senses: going astray and being lost in a thing, failing to reach… - Concept
Idrak (attaining: catching up with a prayer, reaching a term, and the right to one's own property)
In law, idrak (attaining) means catching up and reaching a stage, and it may be figurative, as when a price… - Concept
The wrapping of found property (ifas) and its use as a mark
In the lexicon, ifas is the container in which money is kept, of leather or cloth, and it is also the cap of… - Concept
Chastity and restraint (iffa)
In the lexicon, iffa is restraint from what is unlawful or unbecoming; a man or woman is chaste when he or… - Concept
Ihana (humiliation, as a wrong against persons and faith and as a penalty)
Ihana is lexically the act of abasing, from the verb hana, to be humbled, and it is one of the forms of… - Concept
Mourning of a widow (ihdad)
Ihdad in the lexicon is giving up adornment to show grief; as a term it is a woman's abstention from… - Concept
Ihmal (neglect or carelessness as a ground for liability, and the rule that speech is to be given effect rather than left void)
Ihmal is lexically leaving a thing neglected; the technical sense keeps this meaning. Neglect in a trust that… - Concept
Ihram (the state of consecration for hajj or umra)
Ihram in the lexicon means to proclaim the pilgrimage or the umra and to enter the state of sanctity; in… - Concept
Burning (ihraq)
In jurists' usage ihraq is the fire's removing a thing entirely, or its effect on a thing while it remains,… - Concept
Keeping in a safe place (ihraz)
Ihraz in the lexicon is keeping a thing and guarding it from being taken. Al-Nasafi defines it as placing a… - Concept
Ihsan (excellence in worship)
The third level named in the hadith of Jibril after islam and iman, defined by the Prophet as worshipping God… - Concept
Ihsan in the hudud (marital status for stoning and slander)
Ihsan (in the sense of marital status for the penalties) means in the lexicon restraint, and among its senses… - Concept
Ihsar (being prevented from completing the rite)
Ihsar is, in the lexicon, being barred from the rites by sickness or the like; the jurists give the word the… - Concept
Squatting with arms around the knees (ihtiba')
Ihtiba' in the lexicon is sitting on the buttocks with the thighs drawn to the belly and held by a cloth or… - Concept
Detention and retention (ihtibas)
Ihtibas in the lexicon is restraint and holding back. It differs from hajr, interdiction, in that restraint… - Concept
The dying person (ihtidar)
Ihtidar is the presence of death; the dying person is one in the throes of death, whose signs include… - Concept
Cupping (ihtijam)
Ihtijam is asking for cupping. Cupping is a medical act with the consequences of medicine; for instance, the… - Concept
Hoarding (ihtikar)
Al-Maraghi defines hoarding as withholding goods to reduce supply and raise prices (p. 34). He calls its… - Concept
Wet dream (ihtilam)
Ihtilam is emission of semen during sleep; it happens to both men and women. On how it is realised in a… - Concept
Retention and enema (ihtiqan)
Ihtiqan in the lexicon is holding back urine; in law it is both holding back urine and taking medicine by… - Concept
Craft, trade (ihtiraf)
Ihtiraf is practising a trade by which one earns a living and makes it one's habit. Jurists distinguish it… - Concept
Counting for reward (ihtisab)
In jurisprudence ihtisab means that an act is counted and accepted as valid by the law; for example, a… - Concept
Cutting grass (ihtishash)
Ihtishash is cutting grass. Outside the sanctuary it is lawful unless the grass is owned, in which case the… - Concept
Gathering firewood (ihtitab)
Ihtitab is gathering firewood. Its legal ruling is that of ihtishash, but it differs on two points: cutting… - Concept
Stratagem (ihtiyal)
Ihtiyal means seeking a stratagem, which is skill in arranging affairs until one reaches the aim. Usage has… - Concept
Caution, precaution (ihtiyat)
Ihtiyat in the lexicon is taking the most prudent and secure course, and guarding against error. Jurists use… - Concept
Reviving the night (worship through the night)
Reviving the night means spending the night or most of it in worship, through prayer, remembrance and… - Concept
Reviving the sunna (renewing a neglected practice)
Reviving the sunna means restoring the practice of a rite of Islam after it has been neglected; it is sought… - Concept
Reviving the Sacred House (the hajj as a collective duty)
Reviving the Sacred House means keeping it alive through the hajj, and some include the umra; the Malikis,… - Concept
Response, answer (ijaba)
In the lexicon, ijaba means the return of speech; it is the same as istijaba. It is called a reply only after… - Concept
Lease and hire (ijara)
Ijara is an exchange contract on known benefits for a consideration. Jurists call the lease of land, houses,… - Concept
Ratification, licence (ijaza)
Ijaza in the lexicon means to put into effect. For jurists it is the ratification of a transaction made by… - Concept
Compulsion (ijbar)
Ijbar in the lexicon means compulsion or coercion. Jurists gave it no separate definition, and their use does… - Concept
Abortion (ijhad)
Ijhad in the lexicon is the early delivery of a child, and as a term it is the expulsion of a foetus before… - Concept
Finishing off (ijhaz)
In the lexicon ijhaz means haste, and to finish off a wounded man is to complete his killing; jurists use the… - Concept
Consensus (ijma')
In the lexicon ijma' means resolve, and sometimes agreement. For the usulis it is the agreement of all the… - Concept
Ambiguity (ijmal)
For the mutakallimun among the usulis, mujmal is what its meaning does not make clear. For the Hanafis it is… - Concept
Sufficiency of an act (ijza')
Ijza' in the lexicon means sufficiency and being enough. In law it is an act's being enough to meet what is… - Concept
Ikhala (suggestiveness of a cause in analogy)
Ikhala: a description is suggestive when its fitness to the ruling is so plain that its causal role is fixed… - Concept
Ikhbar (report, and its names in law)
Ikhbar is the act of reporting; it has names according to its subject: claim, acknowledgement, testimony,… - Concept
Ikhdam (providing a servant to a wife or to a bankrupt)
Ikhdam means, in the lexicon, giving a servant. The majority of jurists hold that a husband must provide a… - Concept
Ikhfa (concealment in worship and law)
Ikhfa' (concealment) means covering and keeping secret; its ruling varies with the matter: concealing the… - Concept
Ikhlaf (breaking a promise or a covenant)
Ikhlaf means, in the lexicon, failing to keep a covenant; covenants are stronger than promises, and the… - Concept
Ikhraj (removal or expulsion, and the act of paying out)
Ikhraj means, in the lexicon, pushing out from within, and also removal or banishment, and the jurists use it… - Concept
Dyeing the hair (ikhtidab)
Ikhtidab (dyeing the hair): the use of dye to change the colour of hair with henna, katam, waras, saffron or… - Concept
Ikhtilaf (disagreement among jurists and its kinds)
Ikhtilaf (disagreement): true disagreement is contrariety; differences of expression and variety go back to… - Concept
Ikhtilaf al-dar (difference of abodes in law)
Ikhtilaf al-dar (difference of abodes): the difference of the two states of the two persons; between Muslims… - Concept
Ikhtilaf al-din (difference of religion and its rulings)
Difference of religion brings rulings: the bar to inheritance, the bar to guardianship in marriage between… - Concept
Parallax
The difference between where a body appears from the earth's surface and where it lies as seen from the… - Concept
Ikhtilal (disruption or defect in acts, contracts and consent)
Ikhtilal means, in the lexicon, a defect or weakness in an opinion or a matter, and as a technical term the… - Concept
Ikhtilas (taking by snatching, not subject to amputation)
Ikhtilas is taking a thing in the owner's presence openly and running off with it; by agreement there is no… - Concept
Ikhtilat (mixing of things and of men and women)
Ikhtilat is joining one thing to another; its ruling varies with its effect: forbidden where lawful and… - Concept
Ikhtisas (exclusivities of the Prophet in rulings of conduct)
Ikhtisas (exclusivity): being singled out by something; it may be granted by the Lawgiver or by a person… - Concept
Ikhtiyal (strutting pride in gait, dress and building)
Ikhtiyal means pride or self-admiration in the lexicon, and the jurists treat it as one form of arrogance.… - Concept
Ikhtiyar (choice, free election by the responsible agent)
Ikhtiyar is, in the lexicon, preferring one thing to another; as a technical term, the intention toward a… - Concept
Ikrah (duress or compulsion)
Duress is an act done to another that removes his consent or spoils his choice. Coercion without right is a… - Concept
Iksal (coitus without ejaculation)
Iksal is intercourse in which the man's member goes slack after penetration, so he does not ejaculate. It… - Concept
Iktihal (applying kohl to the eye)
Iktihal is applying kohl to the eye. The Shafi'is and Hanbalis recommend an odd number of applications; the… - Concept
Iktisab (earning a livelihood)
Iktisab means seeking livelihood and earning property by lawful means; unlike kasb it requires effort. It is… - Concept
Habituation to luxury (ilf al-rafaha)
What Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy calls habituation to luxury, children's growing accustomed to indulgence, which he… - Concept
Ilgha' (annulment or cancellation, and the principle of removing a difference)
Ilgha' means annulment in the lexical sense. For the jurists it is the removal of a ruling after the thing or… - Concept
Ilgha' al-fariq (removing the difference between root and branch)
Ilgha' al-fariq is the usuli demonstration that the difference between root and branch has no effect on the… - Concept
Ilhad (deviation from religion, and related terms)
Ilhad means deviating from the straight path, and in the technical sense it is turning from the sound law… - Concept
Ilham (inspiration)
Ilham is, in the lexical sense, God putting into the soul a matter that moves to act or to refrain; for the… - Concept
Ilhaq (attaching one thing to another: analogy, lineage, and accessories)
Ilhaq is following in the lexical sense. Jurists use it in two senses: attaching a branch to a root by a… - Concept
The effective cause (illa) in legal reasoning
In the lexicon, illa means an illness, and also a cause; as a term of the jurists of legal theory it is an… - Concept
Seeking knowledge
Seeking knowledge in Abu Hurayra's hadith — the thirty-sixth of the Forty — is among the greatest paths to… - Concept
The science of inheritance shares
The science of inheritance shares, anchored in the forty-third hadith — the first of Ibn Rajab's additions —… - Concept
The science of management
Management as a science, as presented in Tareq al-Suwaidan's Practical Administration course: a human… - Concept
Ilm al-kalam (speculative theology)
Ilm al-kalam — the new discipline of speculative theology that coalesced in the first Abbasid era; Ahmad Amin… - Concept
Imlak (marriage contract, and the wedding feast of the contract)
Imlak means marriage and the marriage contract. The wedding feast of the contract is a sunna for the Shafi'is… - Concept
Iltibas (confusion between the lawful and the forbidden)
Iltibas in the lexical sense means mixing, and also confusion or perplexity; the Malikis use the word in its… - Concept
Iltifat (turning the head or body)
Iltifat is turning to the right or the left, and the jurists use it in the same sense. It is recommended… - Concept
Iltimas (seeking, as in looking for the moon or water)
Iltimas is seeking, in the lexical sense, and in the technical sense a request between equals. It may be… - Concept
Iltisaq (adhesion of things, and its rulings)
Iltisaq is the joining of one thing to another with no gap between them. It may happen by itself or by… - Concept
Iltizam (binding obligation in fiqh)
Iltizam means binding oneself, and an agreement is a binding of offer and acceptance. Its causes are… - Concept
Ilzam (imposing an obligation on another)
Ilzam is establishing and maintaining; it is making a thing binding on another, and it differs from iyjab… - Concept
The Imamate
The Imamate — the axis of Imami doctrine per al-Kafi: the imam shares the prophets' link to God, the earth is… - Concept
Imamat al-kubra (the great imamate, the caliphate)
The great imamate is a general leadership in religion and state, as the successor of the Prophet. The jurists… - Concept
Imamat al-salat (leading the prayer, the lesser imamate)
Imamat al-salat is the attaching of one person's prayer to another's on conditions set by the Law; it is the… - Concept
Iman (faith)
Belief in the articles of the creed as the Prophet set them out in the hadith of Jibril: belief in God, His… - Concept
Imara (the office of amir: delegated rule, the seized emirate and the emirate of the pilgrimage)
Imara is the office of the amir, the authority that governs. It is general, the caliphate, or specific, when… - Concept
Building the earth and work as worship
Sha'rawi holds that Islam is not only rites. Every activity in life that serves the human vice-regency on… - Concept
Imhal (granting time or respite)
Imhal in the lexical sense is granting delay and postponing a demand; it is the opposite of hastening. One… - Concept
Imra' (woman: her rights, duties and status in fiqh)
Imra' is the adult female, and some rulings apply to her specifically, such as shares of inheritance and… - Concept
Imsak (holding, restraint and abstention in fiqh)
Imsak in the lexical sense is holding and restraining. Jurists use it in several places: the hunter's dog… - Concept
Imtihan (use, handling and scorned work)
Imtihan in the lexical sense is serving another or using and wearing a thing out; the jurists use the word in… - Concept
Imtina' (abstaining from an act)
Imtina' in the lexical sense is refraining from a thing, or being strong and protected by one's people; the… - Concept
Indibat (the controllability of a feature, as a condition for legal causes)
Indibat is not found in the older lexicons; the modern dictionary gives its verb from dabata, to hold firm,… - Concept
Indiras (the effacing of a thing's marks: mosques, endowments, graves and dead land)
Indiras is the effacing of a thing's marks while its trace remains. Its ruling depends on its subject. A… - Concept
Individual liberty (critique)
Al-Bahi presents individual liberty in thought, politics and wealth as a product of the European Renaissance… - Concept
Infirad (acting alone, and when a power may be exercised by one of several holders)
Infirad is lexically the reflexive of tafarrud, to stand alone, and the jurists use it in that sense. It… - Concept
Infisakh (the dissolution of a contract by itself, by the parties, or by a supervening cause)
Infisakh is lexically the reflexive of fasakh, meaning undoing and passing away. For the jurists it is the… - Concept
Infisal (separation of parts of the body, of the foetus and of the spouses, and its rulings)
Infisal is lexically cutting off, the reflexive of fasl, and the opposite of joining, whether visibly or not.… - Concept
Inha (informing another judge of a ruling or of a claim, so that he may carry it out; and the sense of completion)
Inha is lexically informing and reporting, as one says ‘I informed the ruler of the matter’, and also… - Concept
Inheritance of prophethood (by deeds, not by blood)
Sha'rawi holds that religious leadership and belonging to the prophets come not by blood or lineage but by… - Concept
Islamic inheritance system
Al-Bahi reads the Islamic inheritance system as breaking up inherited wealth rather than keeping it whole:… - Concept
Inhilal (dissolution, invalidation and the ending of an obligation)
Inhilal in the lexical sense is coming apart; for the jurists it means invalidity, dissolution, rescission… - Concept
Inhina' (bending, in fiqh: prayer, honour and compulsion)
Inhina' is bending from straightness, and includes bowing in prayer, prostration and gesturing. Bending in… - Concept
Inikas (reverse concomitance and the reverse analogy in usul)
Inikas is lexically the reflexive of ‘aks, which is turning the beginning of a thing back on its end. Among… - Concept
Inizal (the ceasing of an office when its holder loses qualification)
Inizal is the passive form of the verb for dismissal (azl), which is separating one thing from another; in… - Concept
Inkar (denial in a claim, its forms and its effects, and denial of religious matters)
Inkar in lexical use means ignorance of a thing, negation, and changing a wrong; for the jurists it means… - Concept
Inma (the growth of property by trade, husbandry or increase, and its rulings; also the game that goes out of sight)
Inma is lexically the causing of an increase, and growth is an increase, either real, as by birth or trade,… - Concept
Impotence (inna) as a ground for the wife's option to end the marriage
In the jurists' usage, 'inna is the inability to have intercourse through the front passage while the organ… - Concept
Inner thoughts and whether they are accounted for
On al-Baqara 284, Sha'rawi takes up the verse that God will account for what is in people's selves. He lists… - Concept
Inqad (the forming and binding of an act, contract or office)
Inqad is lexically the opposite of dissolution, and carries the senses of obligation, binding and… - Concept
Inqida (the ending of a thing by reaching its purpose, its term or a cause, and its rulings)
Inqida is the reflexive of qada, meaning passing away and ceasing, and in another use completion and exit. A… - Concept
Inversion of values (inqilab al-qiyam)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy paraphrases a passage on the reversal of values, in which the self takes the place of… - Concept
Inqiraz (the passing of an age or line, and its bearing on consensus and endowments)
Inqiraz is lexically cutting off and passing away, and the jurists use it in that sense. The usulis differ on… - Concept
Inqita (cessation, and the broken chain of a narration; the ending of blood, of an imam's prayer, and of a series)
Inqita' is lexically stopping and parting, and the jurists use it in these senses. For the hadith scholars it… - Concept
Insat (silent attentive listening, and its rulings in worship)
Insat is lexically and in usage silence for listening; some define it as silence alone. It differs from… - Concept
Insha' (creative speech, and its legal application)
Insha' is lexically the beginning and raising of a thing; in rhetoric and usul it is one of the two kinds of… - Concept
The splitting of the moon
The splitting of the moon among the scholars is a sign of prophethood; Ibn Kathir says it is agreed upon… - Concept
Insihab (the extension of an act or intention over successive moments)
Insihab is lexically the reflexive of sahb, to drag; in usul and fiqh it is the conventional extension of an… - Concept
Shafa'a (intercession: good and bad, in the hereafter, for prescribed penalties, and the gift it may bring)
Intercession is speaking on another's behalf so that a person gains a benefit or is spared harm. It is good… - Concept
Internal causes of Muslim decline
In the same chapter Arslan attributes Muslim decline to internal causes: waning resolve, corruption of… - Concept
Inthar (warning before a harm, a penalty or an act)
Inthar is informing and warning, and mostly used for warning of evil. Its ruling depends on where it is used.… - Concept
Intifa' (the right of use and benefit, and its rulings)
Intifa' in the lexical sense is reaching a benefit. It names a personal right of use that cannot pass to… - Concept
Intihab (taking by force what is grabbed or distributed)
Intihab is taking a thing by force and contest. It differs from stealth, from usurpation and from pilfering… - Concept
Intihar (self-killing: its kinds and the jurists' rulings)
Intihar is a person killing himself by any means. The jurists divide it into killing by an act, which is a… - Concept
Intimidation (takhwif) and coercion
Takhwif is causing a person to fear, and inindhar is narrower because it also states the source of the fear.… - Concept
Intiqal (transfer or passage: of a thing, a duty, a right and a ruling)
Intiqal in the lexical sense is moving from one place to another, and used figuratively for a change of… - Concept
Intisab (ascription to parents, clients, crafts and places)
Intisab in the lexical sense is ascribing oneself to a father, a tribe, a town or a craft. Ascription to… - Concept
Intishar (spreading; erection, and spreading of a report)
Intishar in the lexical sense is spreading or extending. The jurists use it in two senses: the stiffening of… - Concept
The invisible hand and its precedence in Islamic thought
- Concept
Inzal (emission of seminal fluid and its legal effects)
Inzal in the lexical sense is coming down from height; in fiqh it is the emission of a man's or a woman's… - Concept
Iqa' (sitting on the heels or buttocks in prayer)
In Arabic usage iqa' is sitting with the buttocks on the ground and the shins raised; the jurists give two… - Concept
Iqama (the call to stand for prayer)
In the law, iqama is the call that tells those present and ready for prayer to stand, in set words. The word… - Concept
Iqra' (teaching and reciting to others)
Iqra' means causing another to read, and the jurists keep this lexical sense, whether the aim is listening… - Concept
Iqrar (confession or acknowledgement of a right)
Iqrar means acknowledgement in the lexical sense, and in the majority's technical sense it is the report that… - Concept
Iqta' (land grant)
Iqta' in al-Baladhuri is the ruler's grant of lands to those deserving or requesting them; its limits in his… - Concept
Iqta' in fiqh (the ruler's grant of land)
In fiqh, iqta' is the ruler's grant of a land or a right to use it, from dead land or from the public… - Concept
Iqtibas (quoting the Qur'an or hadith in speech)
Iqtibas means taking a spark from a fire, and in the terminology of the rhetoricians it is weaving a piece of… - Concept
Iqtida' (following an imam in prayer)
In the language, iqtida' means to act as someone acts, taking him as a model. In the jurists' usage in prayer… - Concept
Iqtida' (implication, demand and claim of a right)
In the language, iqtida' means demanding a right and taking it in full. The usul scholars use it for… - Concept
Iqtisar (a ruling taking effect only at the moment it arises)
In the jurists' usage, iqtisar means that a ruling takes effect when its cause arises, and not before or… - Concept
Iradah (will and intention: its place in contracts, acts and consent)
In law, iradah is the purpose of a thing and the turning towards it, distinct from intention (niyya),… - Concept
Fortune-telling by the 'arraf' (irafa)
Irafa has two senses. The first is the trade of the 'arraf', who claims to know hidden matters by means of… - Concept
Honour (ird)
In the lexicon, ird means the self and the lineage: a person of clean honour is one free from blemish, and… - Concept
Irdaf (riding behind another)
Irdaf is the verbal noun of ardafa, to make someone ride behind oneself, and the jurists use it in the same… - Concept
Irjaf (spreading alarm)
Irjaf in the lexicon is violent agitation; it is also used for dwelling on bad news and mentioning strife,… - Concept
Wedding feast and wedding rites (irs)
In the lexicon, irs is the marriage arrangement and the building of the home; some say it is the name of the… - Concept
Irsad (assigning the revenue of bayt al-mal)
Irsad is the imam's assignment of the yield of some bayt al-mal lands to some of its expenditures, and for… - Concept
Irsal (sending; the mursal report)
Irsal in the lexicon is release, neglect, direction and empowerment; in the jurists' usage it covers letting… - Concept
Irshad (guidance)
Irshad means guidance and pointing the way. The usulis treat it as a figurative meaning of the command, the… - Concept
The bandage or turban and wiping over it (isaba)
In the lexicon, isaba comes from 'asb, a tight binding; the word is used for a turban and for what binds a… - Concept
Marital companionship and the rights of spouses (ishra)
In the lexicon, ishra is companionship and mingling; ashir is a near kinsman or friend, and a wife's ashir is… - Concept
Renan's thesis that Islam was hostile to science and philosophy
A thesis that Ghallab reports from Ernest Renan in his book on Islam and science: that Islam restrained… - Concept
Why Islam rose by its own merits
In chapters titled 'Islamic civilisation' and 'Why Islam rose by its own merits' Arslan rebuts the claim,… - Concept
Islam as the common religion of the prophets
Muhammad Abdullah Draz reads 'Islam' in its Qur'anic sense as the shared religion of all prophets, citing… - Concept
Islam (the religion and the term)
The name of the religion the Prophet Muhammad taught; in Gabriel's hadith its meaning is to worship God… - Concept
Islam and the authority of reason and science
Wajdi argues that Islam calls for reflection, demanding proof and rejecting blind imitation, and that the… - Concept
The Islamic awakening
Arslan's first chapter describes the Muslim world of the eighteenth century as at its lowest point, then… - Concept
Islamic economics: doctrine, system and science
- Concept
Islamic feminism
Islamic feminism is a modern discourse reading the sharia's texts egalitarianly on women's questions;… - Concept
Islamization
Islamization is societies' turning to Islam in belief and institutions; the conquest literature records… - Concept
Islamophobia (the phobia of Islam)
Tareq al-Suwaidan's 'Al-Wasatiyya' programme's discussion of the Western fear or wariness of Islam. The… - Concept
the imams' infallibility
The Imami doctrine — the imam must be sinless lest he need an imam above him without end, the most learned,… - Concept
Protection (ismah): divine protection, sanctity of life and the marriage bond
In the lexicon, ismah is the act of preventing and protecting; the jurists also use it of the marriage bond,… - Concept
Infallibility of the Imams (Twelver Shi'a)
Twelver Shi'i doctrine that the imams are infallible from childhood to death, and that infallibility is a… - Concept
Isnad
The isnad is the chain of men linking a hadith's text back to the Prophet or a Companion — 'so-and-so told us… - Concept
Israfil (the angel of the trumpet)
Israfil is the angel charged with blowing the trumpet. In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons the two blasts… - Concept
Isra'iliyyat
Reports drawn from the People of the Book, Jews and Christians, that entered tafsir and the stories of the… - Concept
Istidraj (respite that leads on)
Istidraj, as Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy defines it, is God continuing His favour to a servant who falls short in… - Concept
Seeking forgiveness (istighfar)
Sha'rawi holds that God legislated repentance and forgiveness because He knows that souls betray their… - Concept
Exploiting the need of the needy
- Concept
Self-sufficiency in God (istighna billah)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy distinguishes between being self-sufficient in God and being free of a thing, the first… - Concept
Trusteeship of wealth (istikhlaf)
- Concept
Istiqama (steadfast uprightness)
Standing firm upon faith and obedience after the words 'I believe in God'; in Sufyan ibn Abdullah… - Concept
The stealing of the hearing
The doctrine that kahins drew their news from devils who eavesdropped at heaven's gate and cast it on their… - Concept
Sending infants to Bedouin wet-nurses
The custom of the settled Arabs of seeking wet-nurses in the desert for their children, to keep them from the… - Concept
Istiwa (God's rising over the Throne)
Sha'rawi holds that istiwa attributed to God is not to be understood in the human sense, because God's… - Concept
Proof in litigation (ithbat)
Ithbat in the lexicon is the verb athbata, to treat a thing as lasting, settled or sound. In the jurists'… - Concept
Sin (ithm)
In the lexicon, ithm means sin, or doing what is not lawful for one. For the Sunnis it is the deserving of… - Concept
Destruction or damage of property (itlaf)
Itlaf comes from talaf, to perish, and atlafahu, to destroy. For jurists it is removing a thing from its… - Concept
Completion (itmam)
Itmam in the lexicon means completion. Jurists gave it no technical definition beyond the lexical one. It has… - Concept
Doing work well (itqan al-amal)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's teaching on doing work well and fulfilling one's duty to the employer, as part of… - Concept
Ittiba' (following; returning to a proven ruling)
In the language, ittiba' means walking behind another; it also carries the senses of following someone in… - Concept
Unity of the ruling (ittihad al-hukm)
Literally ittihad is two things becoming one, and the ruling (hukm) is God's address concerning the acts of… - Concept
Unity of genus and kind (ittihad al-jins wal-naw')
In the language, jins is a kind of any thing and is broader than naw', which is a narrower sort; ittihad is… - Concept
Unity of the session (ittihad al-majlis)
The unity of the session is the single sitting in which a word or act occurs. It is wider than the seat: it… - Concept
Unity of the cause (ittihad al-sabab)
In the terms of jurists and usulis, the sabab is an apparent and regular attribute to which the Lawgiver… - Concept
Leaning (ittika')
Ittika' in the lexicon means leaning on something; it also means inclining to one side while sitting. Jurists… - Concept
Connection (ittisal)
Ittisal in the lexicon means non-separation, the opposite of separation. Jurists use it of physical things,… - Concept
Connectedness of the isnad and proven hearing
The condition held by a majority traditionist school for accepting a chain as connected: that each narrator's… - Concept
Consideration (iwad) in contracts, marriage, injury and damage
In the lexicon, iwad is a substitute, what is given in return for a thing; it is also used of the reward in… - Concept
Visiting the sick (iyada)
In the lexicon, iyada means visiting in general, but the word became fixed for visiting the sick. The jurists… - Concept
Iyafa: augury by birds, and the aversion to food
In the lexicon, iyafa means disliking food or drink, and also the augury of birds: reading omens of good or… - Concept
Iyas (despair; the end of menstruation through age and its effect on the waiting period, clothing and divorce; and the prohibition of despairing of God's mercy)
Iyas in lexical sense is the cutting off of hope and desire; the jurists use it in two senses: the end of… - Concept
Iyyaka na'budu wa-iyyaka nasta'in (You alone we worship and from You alone we seek help)
The fifth verse of the Fatiha, where the address shifts from the third person to the second. Sha'rawi holds… - Concept
Jahala (uncertainty in a contract or claim)
Jahala in contracts and claims is ignorance of the thing contracted for, of the person in whose favour an… - Concept
Jahannam (the Fire)
Jahannam in Sunni creed is the already-created abode of punishment in the hereafter — 'Paradise and the Fire… - Concept
The virtues of the Arabs of the Jahiliyya
The praiseworthy traits al-Raheeq al-Makhtum finds among the Arabs of the Jahiliyya alongside their vices:… - Concept
Jahl (ignorance and its legal effect)
Jahl in fiqh is lack of knowledge of a thing; the encyclopedia distinguishes it from forgetfulness. Ignorance… - Concept
Jahr (audible recitation and speech in worship)
Jahr (audible) and sirr (silent) in worship concern how loudly words are spoken, and the schools differ on… - Concept
Ja'iza (Battle Prize)
The ja'iza, a prize a commander offers for a feat of daring; its first naming: al-Hajjaj's governor Qatn ibn… - Concept
Janaba (major ritual impurity)
Janaba in fiqh is the major ritual impurity that requires a full bath (ghusl). Its literal sense is distance.… - Concept
Janin (the unborn child)
Janin in the language is the child in the womb. In fiqh it names what forms in the womb. The Kuwaiti… - Concept
Jannah (Paradise)
In Sunni creed al-janna is the already-created abode of reward in the hereafter — 'Paradise and the Fire are… - Concept
Gardens of Eden (jannat 'adn)
The Gardens of Eden (jannat 'adn) in the Qur'anic text are among paradise's names; Ibn Kathir reports that… - Concept
Japan and Muslim hopes after 1904
In the Pan-Islamic chapter Arslan records how Muslims cheered Japan's victory over Russia in 1904, quoting an… - Concept
Criticism and vindication of narrators (jarh wa-ta'dil)
- Concept
Jawab (the answer, and its legal effect)
In the usul and fiqh, a jawab is a reply to a question. If it cannot stand alone, such as yes, it takes the… - Concept
Jawaz (permissibility, and its wider sense in fiqh)
Jawaz in the language is possibility and permission. In the technical sense of fiqh it is often used to mean… - Concept
The army of hardship (jaysh al-usra)
The name Ibn Hisham records for the army of the Tabuk expedition, in a report about Uthman ibn Affan spending… - Concept
Jiha (direction, purpose or head in fiqh)
Jiha in the language is the place one faces or aims at. In fiqh the word is used for a purpose to which… - Concept
Jihad (fighting in the way of God, in fiqh)
In fiqh, jihad is fighting the enemy. The Kuwaiti encyclopedia sets out its ruling (obligatory in general,… - Concept
The jihad call of 1914
After the Ottoman sultan declared jihad in late 1914, Arslan says the Allies portrayed the call as a cry in… - Concept
Jihaz (equipment of the fighter, the traveller or the bride)
Jihaz in the language is what a fighter or traveller needs, and what a bride takes to her husband. In fiqh,… - Concept
Jinaya (offence against the person or body)
In fiqh a jinaya is any forbidden act against a person, body or property. The Kuwaiti encyclopedia divides it… - Concept
The jinn
The jinn in Islamic conception are a hidden, accountable creation; Ibn Kathir reports they inhabited the… - Concept
Jins (kind or genus in fiqh)
Jins in the language means a kind of anything. Among the jurists it names a set of different sorts. The… - Concept
Jiwar (neighbourhood and the rights of the neighbour)
Jiwar in fiqh covers the rights a neighbour has over a neighbour. The Shafi'is and Hanbalis set the limit of… - Concept
Jizya (capitation on treaty peoples)
Jizya in al-Baladhuri is what the People of the Book pay per head under treaty in return for confirmation in… - Concept
Judah (the quality of goods, and concealed defects)
Judah in the language is the opposite of poor quality. In fiqh it bears on deceptive sale: the encyclopedia… - Concept
Judaism in Arabia before Islam
Judaism reached Arabia in at least two stages in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account: Jewish migration to northern… - Concept
Junun (insanity in law)
In law, insanity is a disorder of the mind that prevents acts and words from having their proper legal… - Concept
The juz'
The juz' in masahif usage is one of the thirty divisions into which the masahif is divided. - Concept
The Kaaba and prayer toward it (kaʿba)
The Kaaba in the lexicon is the square house; in the law it is the Sacred House, and the qibla is the… - Concept
Ankle (ka'b)
In jurisprudence ka'b is the protruding bone where the shin meets the foot; the Hanafis also apply the word… - Concept
Major sins (kaba'ir)
Kaba'ir is the plural of kabira, which the jurists define as any sin the law threatens heavily or whose harm… - Concept
Lying (kadhib)
Lying (kadhib) is, in its lexical sense, reporting a thing contrary to what it is. The rule is prohibition by… - Concept
Fixtures and right of tenure (kadik)
In the jurists' terms the kadik is what is fixed in a shop as a permanent part of it, such as a building,… - Concept
Equality in marriage (kafaa)
Kafaa in marriage is a particular equality between the spouses that averts shame. The qualities counted are… - Concept
Surety (kafala)
Kafala is surety in the lexicon. In the terminology it is joining the surety's obligation to the principal's… - Concept
Palm of the hand (kaff)
Kaff is the palm of the hand with its fingers. Rules on it include washing the hands at the start of… - Concept
Restraining the self (kaff al-nafs)
In the terminology of the usulis, restraining the self is ceasing from what is forbidden. It is an act that… - Concept
Expiation (kaffara)
Kaffara means covering, from the root of concealing. In law it is an expiation owed for certain sins and… - Concept
Soothsaying (kahana), fiqh rulings
Kahana, in lexicon, is judging the unseen for someone; the kahin reports future events and claims to know… - Concept
Herbage and pasture (kala')
Kala' means herbage, dry or green; in law it is grass that grows without human work. The jurists agree that… - Concept
Kalala (collateral heirs, fiqh)
Kalala, from kalal (fatigue, or from the crown that encircles), has two senses in law. Some say it names the… - Concept
The Qur'an as the speech of God (in the Tahawi creed)
al-Tahawi's statement that the Qur'an is the speech of God, which began from Him without how, sent down on… - Concept
Speech in fiqh (kalam)
Kalam is, in its lexical sense, a series of sounds that carry a meaning; for grammarians it is what is built… - Concept
Dog (kalb), fiqh rulings
The dog (kalb) is, in lexical sense, any fanged predator, and in law the animal that barks; sabʿ, predator,… - Concept
Deferred debt (kali)
In the lexicon kali is deferral and loan; the jurists use it for debt. Among the forbidden sales is selling… - Concept
The common word (the shared call to monotheism)
Sha'rawi reads the verse that invites the People of the Book to a word common to both sides as a call to… - Concept
Hidden treasure (kanz), fiqh rulings
Kanz, in lexicon, is gathering and storing, buried wealth, or any gathered abundance; in law, the majority… - Concept
Disliked acts (karaha)
Karaha is dislike in the lexicon and, in the terminology, a demand to abstain from an act that is not firm.… - Concept
Generosity (karam)
For Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy, generosity (karam) is to give without asking to whom one gives or how much. He… - Concept
Marvel of a saint (karama)
In the lexicon karama is honour; in the terminology it is an extraordinary event that appears at the hand of… - Concept
Karamat (marvels of the friends of God)
al-Tahawi's statement that one believes in the marvels reported of the friends of God and what is sound from… - Concept
Leek (karrath)
Karrath is a known plant of foul smell, distinct from garlic, onion and radish. The jurists agree that eating… - Concept
Earning a living (kasb)
Kasb is, in the terminology, an action that brings a benefit or removes a harm. Earning enough for oneself… - Concept
Uncovering (kashf)
Kashf in the lexicon is lifting a veil; in law it concerns uncovering the private parts ('awra). Covering the… - Concept
Breaking (kasr)
Kasr in the lexicon is shattering a thing and separating its parts; in the law it is breaking a bone of a… - Concept
Shoulder blade (kataf)
In the lexicon kataf is the broad bone behind the shoulder, and in the law of injuries it names the rules on… - Concept
The Kawsaj
The mule-rider of Adharmah's first day in Iraq and Fars — gorged for days on walnuts, garlic and fat meats,… - Concept
Niche or opening in a wall (kawwa)
Kawwa, in lexicon, is a hole in a wall, plural kawat or kuwa, also called rawshan; in law it is an opening… - Concept
Measure (kayl), fiqh rulings
Kayl, in lexicon, is the act of measuring, the measure by which quantity is known, such as a qafiz, a mudd or… - Concept
The single report (khabar al-ahad)
- Concept
Khabar (report and its kinds; its evidential force)
Khabar (report) lexically is what is conveyed and spoken of; among the traditionists it usually means the… - Concept
Khadhf (throwing small pebbles; stoning the jamarat)
Khadhf is lexically throwing a pebble or stone held between two fingers, or with a wooden catapult or sling;… - Concept
Khafa' (hidden meaning in usul)
Khafa\' is lexically concealment or disclosure of a thing, one of the words with two opposite senses, and the… - Concept
Khafara (guarding, safe-conduct, escort fee)
Khafara is lexically guard, protection and safe-conduct, the guard is a khafir, and khafara also means the… - Concept
Khal (maternal uncle; inheritance and guardianship)
Khal (maternal uncle) lexically is the mother's brother however far up; the mother's sister is the khala. By… - Concept
Khala' (privy; relieving oneself)
Khala' is lexically an empty place, then by custom the building for relief, called the privy, the place of… - Concept
Khala (maternal aunt)
The khala (maternal aunt) is the mother's sister, the mother being whoever bore one, in fact or by extension.… - Concept
Khall (vinegar: ruling, purity and sale)
Vinegar is valuable clean property, lawful to eat and to trade, and it may come from wine; the report says… - Concept
The creation of man
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons the creation of man follows successive stages: dust mixed with water into… - Concept
The creation of the horse
In Ibn 'Abbas's telling God gathered the south wind, Gabriel took a fistful, and the bay horse was made —… - Concept
The createdness of the Qur'an
A question of creed over which the mihna took place in the days of Imam Ahmad. Ibn Badran's book reports the… - Concept
Khalt (mixing of property and things)
Khalt is lexically mixing a thing with another, and is wider than liquids; the Kulliyat defines it as joining… - Concept
Khalwa
Draft card for the khalwa, the Sufis' cell of seclusion and dhikr; its sources are not yet checked on the… - Concept
Khalwa (seclusion with a woman)
Seclusion is lexically being alone with a thing in an empty place; it is linked to solitude, withdrawal and… - Concept
Khanq (strangling in fiqh)
Khanq is lexically squeezing the throat until death; the jurists use it for any means: a cord, the hands, or… - Concept
Kharaj (land tax)
Kharaj in the usage of Futuh al-Buldan is the tax laid on land and produce owed by treaty peoples and… - Concept
Kharaj (land levy, fiqh entry)
Kharaj is lexically the yield of a thing, and it can mean a rent or a levy or tax. Abu Ubayd and al-Layth… - Concept
The Law of Kharaj Lands
Baladhuri's digest of the jurists on 'anwa land like the Sawad and al-Sham: Abu Yusuf — if the imam divides… - Concept
Kharṣ (estimating the fruit for zakat)
Kharṣ is lexically speaking by guesswork, and can mean a lie, and the estimate of the fruit on palms and… - Concept
Khars (muteness in fiqh)
Khars is lexically the lack of speech from birth, or the loss of speech through impediment; a mute (akhras)… - Concept
Khasa' (castration in fiqh)
Khasa' is the removal of the two testicles; the jurists use it for taking the testicles without or with the… - Concept
Khass (specific; opposite of general)
Khass (specific) is lexically the opposite of general; technically a term coined for one thing or a limited… - Concept
Khata' (error, unintended act)
Khata' is lexically the opposite of right; one who misses the way strays from it, and an archer who misses… - Concept
Error and forgetfulness
Error and forgetfulness in Ibn Abbas's hadith — the thirty-ninth of the Forty — are among what God lifted… - Concept
Khatar (mortal danger and risk)
Khatar is lexically the brink of ruin and fear of loss, a matter hanging between happening and not happening;… - Concept
Finality of prophethood
The doctrine that Muhammad is the last of the prophets and that any claim to prophethood after him is error,… - Concept
The sealing of hearts (khatm ala al-qulub)
Sha'rawi holds that sealing the heart is a judgement that the disbelief inside it does not leave and that… - Concept
Arabic calligraphy and its teaching
Practice sheets that begin with the letters in abjad order (abjad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī kalamān saʿfaṣ qarashat) and… - Concept
The endings of deeds (khawatim)
That deeds are weighed by their endings; in his commentary on Ibn Masud's hadith Ibn Rajab explains 'deeds… - Concept
Fear of God (khawf)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy relays from Ibn Abbas that sitting with one who makes you fear God, so that you find… - Concept
Khayl (horses)
Khayl is the collective of horses; it is feminine with no singular of its own form — a stated singular being… - Concept
Khazz (silk-blend cloth and men's dress)
Khazz is cloth woven from wool and silk, or from silk alone; the word is from the fur of the hare, for its… - Concept
Khibra (expertise, and its use in vetting witnesses)
Khibra (expertise) lexically is the knowledge of a thing's true nature; its people are the experts, and… - Concept
Khida'a (deception; its place in the law)
Khida'a (deception) lexically is showing the opposite of what one hides, or guile with the intent of harm;… - Concept
Khidma (service and servants; the rules of hiring them)
Khidma (service) lexically is a trade; a servant may be male or female. The entry separates service from… - Concept
Khifya (secrecy; concealment in worship and theft)
Khifya is lexically concealing or disclosing, one of the words with two opposite senses; the jurists use it… - Concept
Disputing the count of raids and sariyas
The maghazi arithmetic disputes: Ibn Ishaq's twenty-six raids versus the twenty-seven that split Wadi'l-Qura… - Concept
The rightly-guided caliphate and its order (in the Tahawi creed)
al-Tahawi's statement that the caliphate after the Prophet is established first for Abu Bakr, then Umar, then… - Concept
The human khilafa (stewardship) on earth
Sha'rawi holds that khilafa means the succession of people on the earth, that God subjected the universe to… - Concept
Khimar (women's head covering in fiqh)
Khimar derives from khamara, to cover; anything that covers a thing is its khimar, but the word is used for… - Concept
Khinzir (the pig in fiqh)
The pig is forbidden: the community agrees on the prohibition of eating its flesh except in necessity, on the… - Concept
Khitan (circumcision)
Khitan (circumcision) lexically is the cutting of the foreskin of a male, or of the female's nub; it is also… - Concept
Khitba (marriage proposal)
Khitba, with a short vowel on the kha, is the verb khataba, to propose marriage to a woman; the marriage… - Concept
Khiyana (breach of trust)
Khiyana (breach of trust) linguistically is that a person is entrusted and does not give faithful counsel;… - Concept
Khiyar al-ayb (option of defect)
Khiyar al-ayb (option of defect) is a compound of 'option' and 'defect'. The majority use this name; the… - Concept
Khiyar al-ghabn (option of fraud in price)
Khiyar al-ghabn is the option the defrauded party holds in some schools for a price below or above the… - Concept
Khiyar al-kammiyya (option for the unknown quantity of the price)
Khiyar al-kammiyya in the jurists' usage, as the author of al-Fatawa al-Sirajiyya defines it, is the seller's… - Concept
Khiyar al-majlis (option of the session)
Khiyar al-majlis is the contractor's right to confirm or annul the contract from the contracting until… - Concept
Khiyar al-naqd (option of payment)
Khiyar al-naqd is a right a contractor stipulates to be able to annul for non-payment; naqd linguistically… - Concept
Khiyar al-ru'ya (option of sight)
The option of sight (khiyar al-ru'ya) is a right to annul or confirm when one sees the specific thing… - Concept
Khiyar al-shart (option of stipulation)
The option of stipulation (khiyar al-shart) is a compound name for the right, set by stipulation, of one… - Concept
Khiyar al-ta'yin (option of specification)
Khiyar al-ta'yin (option of specification): lexically singling out from a group; for the Hanafis it is buying… - Concept
Khiyar fawat al-shart (option for loss of the condition)
Khiyar fawat al-shart is an option established upon the loss of an act stipulated from the contractor beyond… - Concept
Khiyar fawat al-wasf (option for loss of a stipulated quality)
Khiyar fawat al-wasf is the right of rescission for the failure of a desired quality the contractor… - Concept
Khiyar (the right to annul or confirm a contract)
Khiyar is lexically choosing and selecting; to give someone the choice between two things is to leave the… - Concept
Khiyar kashf al-hal (option upon disclosure of the quantity)
Khiyar kashf al-hal is the right of rescission for one to whom the amount of the sold thing proves other than… - Concept
Khubth (impurity; its removal)
Khabath (impurity) lexically is whatever is disliked for baseness, sensible or not; technically it is the… - Concept
Khul' (divorce by payment from the wife)
Khul\' tends to mean the wife giving a consideration for her divorce; its wording for the Shafiis and… - Concept
Khullu (tenant's right over waqf and state land)
Khullu is lexically emptiness; in later books it names the usufruct a tenant owns over a waqf property in… - Concept
Khulta (joint and neighbourly mixing of property)
Khulta is lexically mixing, and the partner is the mixer; in fiqh there are two kinds: mixing of things,… - Concept
Husn al-khuluq (good character)
Treating people with what pleases them in word and deed while withholding harm — the third clause of 'fear… - Concept
The fifth of spoils (khums)
Rida reports that Mujahid, Ikrima and al-Suddi held that the first Anfal verse is abrogated by the verse of… - Concept
Khums (the fifth of spoil)
Khums is lexically a fifth; khammasa is to take a fifth; technically it is the fifth of spoil or booty, and… - Concept
Khuntha (the one of unclear sex)
Khuntha is lexically one who is neither purely male nor female, or who has the features of both, from khanth,… - Concept
Khuruj (going out; departure rulings)
Khuruj is lexically going out, the opposite of entering; jurists use it also for rebellion against the… - Concept
Khushu' (humility in prayer)
Khushu\' is lexically stillness and humility; one who is humble in prayer or supplication turns his heart… - Concept
Khusuma (dispute and litigation)
Khusuma is lexically dispute, argument and victory by proof; the jurists use it for bringing a claim before… - Concept
The six offices of al-Andalus
Ibn Sa'id's celebrated register of the six offices of Andalusi government: the collegial wazirate with its… - Concept
Khutba (sermon)
Khutba is lexically a prose speech by an eloquent speaker to a group to persuade them, and in technical usage… - Concept
Pride (kibr)
Pride (kibr) is, in the lexicon, greatness. In the jurists' terms it is a trait of the self by which a person… - Concept
Sufficiency (kifaya)
Kifaya in the lexicon is what brings independence from others. In fiqh it has three senses: the important… - Concept
Kinaya (allusive speech in fiqh)
Kinaya, in lexical sense, is speaking so as to indicate what is meant, like rafath and ghaʾit; in law it is… - Concept
Hire of a mount in turns (kira al-aqib)
Hire of a mount in turns is letting a beast to two people, so that one rides for some days and the other for… - Concept
Kirdar (improvements on endowed or state land)
Kirdar is a Persian word, called in Khwarazm the right of tenure. It refers to what is built or planted on… - Concept
Clothing owed (kiswa)
Kiswa in the lexicon is the garment one covers oneself with. A husband owes his wife clothing once she has… - Concept
The book of deeds (kitab al-a'mal)
The book of deeds as Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy describes it in the series 'Al Fawzu Al Moubeen': the sheets… - Concept
Book, letter and writing (kitab)
In jurisprudence kitab has three senses: a written letter, a document or covenant, and a book of learning.… - Concept
Writing down the hadith
- Concept
Key performance indicators (KPI)
A key performance indicator, as Tareq al-Suwaidan teaches it, is the minimum acceptable level of a goal in a… - Concept
Disbelief (kufr)
Kufr means concealing in the lexicon; in the law it is denying what is known of the religion of Muhammad by… - Concept
Equal in marriage (kufu)
Kufu in the lexicon is the equal, the peer; in marriage it is the man fit to be a woman's husband. Guardians… - Concept
Kunya (teknonym, fiqh rulings)
A kunya is a name that begins with ab (father) or umm (mother), such as Abu Abd Allah or Umm al-Khayr;… - Concept
The earth's sphericity
The astronomers' earth in al-Mas'udi's report: a sphere hung at heaven's centre like a yolk in the egg, a… - Concept
Dislike and aversion (kurh)
Kurh is hardship in the lexicon and is the opposite of love. It has two kinds: what the nature shrinks from,… - Concept
The Kursi (seat of God)
Sha'rawi glosses the kursi as sovereignty, power and dominion, drawing on usage in which sitting on a seat… - Concept
The Six Books
The 'six books' of later convention: Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abi Dawud, Jami' al-Tirmidhi,… - Concept
Wrist (kuʿ), fiqh rulings
Kuʿ, in lexicon, is the end of the forearm bone beside the thumb, plural akwaʿ; the end beside the little… - Concept
The no-harm maxim
The maxim 'no harm and no reciprocating harm' is among the great foundations of jurisprudence, taken from Abu… - Concept
La ilaha illa Allah
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy holds that 'la ilaha illa Allah' is the highest branch of faith, that the Companions… - Concept
The phrase "la yanbaghi" in Imam Ahmad's words
The expression "la yanbaghi" ("it is not proper") in Imam Ahmad's words: is it understood as prohibition or… - Concept
God does not change a people's state until they change what is in themselves
Arjun treats this as one of the clearest social sunan: God does not withdraw a blessing or health from a… - Concept
Milk (laban), fiqh rulings
Laban, in lexicon, is a white liquid in female humans and animals, a collective noun in plural alban; lubaʾ… - Concept
Labba (the place of slaughter on the chest)
Labba, in lexicon, is the middle of the chest and the place where a necklace sits; the plural is labbat or… - Concept
Noise (lagh), fiqh rulings
Lagh, in lexicon, is confused and mixed noise, a din that cannot be understood; lagw is speech without… - Concept
Attachment of descent (lahaq), fiqh rulings
Lahaq, in lexicon, is reaching or attaining; a physiognomist attaches a child to its father by saying it is… - Concept
Late joiner to prayer (lahiq), fiqh rulings
For the Hanafis, a lahiq is one who missed all or some of the rak'at after joining the prayer with an excuse,… - Concept
Meat (lahm), fiqh rulings
Lahm, in lexicon, is the flesh of an animal or bird, the soft muscular part between the skin and the bone;… - Concept
Lahn (error or melody in recitation), fiqh rulings
Lahn, in lexicon, has several senses: a speech that one listener understands and another does not; an error… - Concept
Lahw (diversion and amusement), fiqh rulings
Lahw, in lexicon, is any falsehood that distracts from good and from what matters; al-Tartushi defines it as… - Concept
Play (la'ib), fiqh rulings
Playing, la'b, in lexicon is the opposite of seriousness: doing something without a right purpose; some… - Concept
Lamam (minor sins and near-sins)
Lamam, in lexicon, is gathering, minor sins, and coming near a sin without doing it; in technical use it is… - Concept
Touch (lams), fiqh rulings
Lams, in lexicon, is feeling and perceiving with the surface of the skin, like mass, and it is a euphemism… - Concept
Cursing (la'n), fiqh rulings
La'n, in lexicon, is expulsion and removal from good, or from God, and from people it is abuse and… - Concept
Ceiling on agricultural ownership
- Concept
Foundling (laqit), fiqh rulings
Laqit, in lexicon, is a child found thrown on the roads whose father and mother are unknown; the Hanafis… - Concept
Piecing the clean days (laqt, talfiq), fiqh rulings
Laqt, in lexicon, is taking a thing up from the ground and gathering it; any scattering of ears of grain or… - Concept
Slapping (latm), fiqh rulings
Latm, in lexicon, is striking the cheek with the open palm, and a single blow is a latmah; the jurists keep… - Concept
Colour (lawn): water, cleansing, injury and usurped goods
Lawn, colour, in lexicon is an appearance such as blackness or redness; in fiqh it is a quality of a thing… - Concept
Lawth (apparent sign of a killing, a condition of qasama)
Lawth, in lexicon, means strength and evil, or weakness; in technical use it is a matter that produces a… - Concept
The moon's night-litany
The Arabs' question-and-answer litany on the moon each night of the month — first night 'a suckling kid, its… - Concept
The Night of the Ghatās (Epiphany)
Egypt's Epiphany night — al-Mas'udi attended in 330 when the Ikhshid lit a thousand torches from his… - Concept
Laylat al-Qadr and the thousand months
Some read the 'thousand months' of Laylat al-Qadr as the exact span of Umayyad rule — a thousand full months… - Concept
Learning and teaching (ta'allum and ta'lim)
Ta'allum (learning) is the reflexive form of ta'lim (teaching). Teaching is making a thing known by… - Concept
Mutual cursing between spouses (li'an), fiqh rulings
Li'an, in lexicon, is a verbal noun from cursing, meaning expulsion or distance from good, or from God, and… - Concept
Women's clothing (libas al-mar'a), fiqh rulings
Libas is what covers the body; its plural is albisa and lubus. Husband and wife are each a garment for the… - Concept
Beard (lihya), fiqh rulings
Lihya, in lexicon, is the hair that grows on the cheeks and chin; the jurists take it as the hair on the… - Concept
Shafa (the lip: washing it in purification, the blood money for the lips, and the drinking of water)
The shafa is the lining of the mouth. Several rulings attach to it. Washing the outer part of the lips is… - Concept
The tongue (lisan), fiqh rulings
Lisan, in lexicon, is the fleshy, elongated, movable organ in the mouth, fit for tasting, swallowing and… - Concept
Veil over the mouth (litham), fiqh rulings
Litham, in lexicon, is the veil over the mouth or lip; its plural is lutham, tatallum is wearing it, and… - Concept
Sodomy (liwat), fiqh rulings
Liwat, in lexicon, is the verbal noun of the root for acting as the people of Lot did; in technical use it is… - Concept
God's love attaches to deeds, not to persons
Sha'rawi reads the verse that God loves the God-conscious people who keep their covenant as tying love to the… - Concept
Love of homeland in Islam
Ahmad Umar Hashim holds that love of homeland is a sign of faith, and that jihad was legislated to defend the… - Concept
Colostrum (lubaʾ), fiqh rulings
Lubaʾ, in lexicon, is the first milk that comes after birth; Abu Zayd said it is usually three milkings and… - Concept
Attachment of descent (luhuq), fiqh rulings
Luhuq, in lexicon, is attaining or overtaking; jurists use the root for the attachment of descent, for a… - Concept
Pearl (lu'lu'), fiqh rulings
Lu'lu' is the pearl, a hard, bright, round deposit formed in certain marine molluscs; its plural is lali. - Concept
Lost property found (luqatah), fiqh rulings
Luqatah, in lexicon, is a thing found lying and taken up; in law it is property lost by its owner and picked… - Concept
Holding to the community and its leader (luzum al-jama'a)
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lesson, a narration he attributes to Sahih al-Bukhari has a Companion ask the… - Concept
Binding force (luzum), fiqh and usul rulings
Luzum, in lexicon, is staying with a thing and not parting from it; to be bound by money is to owe it, and… - Concept
Excused impurities (ma'fuwwat)
Ma'fuwwat is the plural of ma'fuwwa, the things whose impurity is excused, so that prayer is not invalidated… - Concept
Liquid (mai'): purification by liquids, their contamination and cleansing
Mai', in lexicon, is a liquid or a melting thing, and its technical sense does not depart from this. Among… - Concept
Mabarik al-ibil (camels' resting places): prayer near them
Mabarik is the plural of mabrak, the place where camels kneel; some jurists treat mabarik and ma'atin… - Concept
Mabtun (one who dies of a stomach ailment): the rules and the martyr
Mabtun, in lexicon, is one ill in the belly; in technical use one who has a stomach disease, or dropsy, or… - Concept
The Almohad war-schools
Abd al-Mu'min's war-schools for cadre and soldier: he gathered the youth of the Maghrebi tribes, Masmuda… - Concept
The madhhab
The madhhab in juristic usage is the method of ijtihad and legal inference traced to an imam and his school;… - Concept
The Basran and Kufan schools of grammar
The quarrel began quietly between al-Ru'asi at Kufa and al-Khalil at Basra, then flared between al-Kisa'i at… - Concept
Implied meaning (mafhum)
In the usage of the jurists of legal theory, the implied meaning (mafhum) is what a wording indicates without… - Concept
Missing person (mafqud)
A missing person (mafqud) is one who is lost or gone, whose place, life and death are unknown and whose news… - Concept
Joint (mafsil)
A joint (mafsil) is, in lexical sense, the meeting of two bones in the body; in the technical sense it is the… - Concept
Divine forgiveness (maghfira)
Divine forgiveness in the forty-second hadith — the last of al-Nawawi's Forty — is the widest promise God… - Concept
The Prophet's love for all creation
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy calls for emulating what the Prophet loved in his words and deeds, describes his… - Concept
The doctrine of the awaited Mahdi (al-mahdiyya)
The Mahdiyya — the awaited twelfth imam who fills the earth with justice; opposed in the Umayyad claim to a… - Concept
Mahram
Draft card for mahram in fiqh: one whom marriage is permanently forbidden to by kinship, milk-kinship or… - Concept
Maintenance of the divorced nursing mother and infant
From al-Baqara 2:233 Sha'rawi holds that maintenance and clothing fall on the father, the one to whom the… - Concept
Place (makan) in the law
Makan is, in the lexicon, a place, the plural being amakina. Several rulings attach to place: whether prayer… - Concept
Makka al-Mukarrama: rulings concerning the city
Makka is the name of the city that holds the Sacred House of God. It has many names, among them Bakka, Umm… - Concept
Meccan and Medinan (makki wa-madani) classification of the Quran
The classification of surahs as Meccan or Medinan. Sha'rawi presents two criteria: time, so that whatever was… - Concept
The disliked (makruh)
The disliked (makruh) is, in the lexicon, the opposite of the beloved, and what the nature and the law… - Concept
Mal (property) in fiqh: definitions, kinds, usufruct and debt as property
Mal, in lexicon, is anything a person owns. The Hanafis define it as what human nature inclines to and can be… - Concept
Mal (property)
- Concept
Angels in Islam (mala'ika)
Belief in the angels is a pillar of faith in Sunni creed: 'we believe in the angels and the prophets and the… - Concept
Angels in the jurists' discussion (malaika)
In the lexicon a malak is a subtle luminous body, and the angels are its plural, dwelling in the heavens.… - Concept
Malik yawm al-din (Lord of the Day of Judgement)
The fourth verse of the Fatiha, read as 'maalik' and as 'malik'. Sha'rawi holds both readings valid: 'maalik'… - Concept
Mamumah (a head wound reaching the membrane of the brain)
Mamumah, in lexicon, is a wound on the head that reaches the membrane which covers the brain; it is also… - Concept
The offices of Quraysh at Mecca
The offices on which Mecca's pre-Islamic government rested in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account: the five… - Concept
Reminder and harm after giving (mann and adha)
Sha'rawi holds that reminding and harming after giving nullify charity and spoil its effect on the poor, that… - Concept
The signs of the Station in Tafsir al-Manar
The place named in the Qur'an among the clear signs of the Sacred House, where a footprint of Abraham is said… - Concept
The Station of Abraham: rulings on the two rak'as
The station is, in the lexicon, a place where one stands. Jurists and exegetes differ on which it is: the… - Concept
Objectives of the Shari'a (maqasid al-shari'a)
The objectives of the Shari'a are the purposes and wisdoms that the Lawgiver intends across all or most of… - Concept
Cemetery (maqbara)
A cemetery is the place of graves, the place where the dead are buried. The jurists rule on prayer in it… - Concept
Things taken into possession (maqbud)
A thing taken into possession is one held in the hand or in one's custody and control. The form of taking… - Concept
The periods and stages of the Prophet's call
Al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's division of the Prophet's mission into two periods, Meccan (about thirteen years) and… - Concept
The stages of human life
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy says that human life has five stages (needs_source) The first is the world of the dharr… - Concept
The modes (ranks) of revelation
The modes of revelation as Ibn al-Qayyim lists them and al-Raheeq al-Makhtum transmits: true dreams, what the… - Concept
Marin (the soft tip of the nose): washing, blood-money and retaliation
Marin, in lexicon, is the tip of the nose or its soft part; the jurists use the same sense. The nose in… - Concept
Shahid (martyr: the rank of martyrs, the kinds of martyr, washing and prayer over the dead, the shroud and burial)
In the jurists' usage a martyr is a Muslim who dies in fighting the unbelievers or because of it, and some… - Concept
Responsibility (mas'uliyya)
Responsibility as Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy presents it: each person is answerable for what is entrusted to his… - Concept
al-Mu'tadid's unbuilt academy plan
Al-Maqrizi reports that the caliph al-Mu'tadid (279-289), planning his palace at al-Shammasiyya in Baghdad,… - Concept
Ma'siya (disobedience, sin)
In the Kuwaiti encyclopedia's account, disobedience (ma'siya) is lexically leaving obedience and in the… - Concept
Mosque (masjid)
The Sheikh relates a hadith to the effect that when God wills punishment for the people of the earth, He… - Concept
What the Law was silent about
The maskut 'anhu is whatever the Law's texts neither forbid nor oblige; Abu Tha'laba al-Khushani's hadith… - Concept
Mata' (household goods): their ownership between spouses, the cargo jettison, and the mosque
Mata', in lexicon, is the name for anything that gives benefit, covering the pilgrimage enjoyment, the… - Concept
Matam (a gathering of mourners): mourning rulings
Matam, in lexicon, is a gathering of men and women in sorrow or joy, later restricted to women gathering for… - Concept
The substance of the call in the opening of al-Muddaththir
What al-Raheeq al-Makhtum draws from the commands opening surat al-Muddaththir: warning implies a day of… - Concept
The mawali (clients)
In al-Baladhuri's Ayn al-Tamr captives, the model of the mawali: captives freed by their patrons whose… - Concept
The client by contract of alliance (mawla al-muwala)
The client by contract of alliance is a person of unknown descent who forms a bond of alliance with a person… - Concept
The newborn child (mawlud)
The newborn (mawlud) is a child delivered after the full term of pregnancy; a miscarriage (saqt) comes out… - Concept
Gambling and games of chance (maysir)
In the lexicon, maysir is the Arabs' gambling with arrows, dice, or any wager. Jurists divide it into the… - Concept
Ease of means (maysura) and respite for a debtor in hardship
Maysura means ease and wealth, the opposite of hardship. The jurists agree that a debtor who is able to pay a… - Concept
Carrion (mayta) and the rulings on dead animals
In law carrion (mayta) is an animal that dies without proper slaughter (tadhkiya). It covers the strangled,… - Concept
The dead person (mayyit) and the rules of the funeral
The dead (mayyit) is one who has left life; the word is pronounced with or without doubling its y. Its rules… - Concept
The mazalim (courts of grievances)
Mazalim — the caliphal grievance institution above the ordinary qadi's remit: al-Mahdi's iron-windowed… - Concept
Permitted person (mazun): permission to trade and its limits
Mazun, the past participle of adhina, means one to whom permission is given; the jurists drop the complement… - Concept
Sa' (the measure of dry goods in law: its size, the bath, zakat al-fitr and the related measures)
The sa' is a known dry measure equal to four mudds. Most jurists say it is five and a third Iraqi pounds,… - Concept
Early European polemic against Islam and the Prophet
In the second chapter of his book, Ghallab presents examples of early European writings that he describes as… - Concept
Medina's society at the Hijra
The picture al-Raheeq al-Makhtum draws of Medina at the Hijra: three phases of the Medinan period and three… - Concept
Method of Islamic economics
- Concept
Mi'sam (the wrist)
In the Kuwaiti encyclopedia's account the wrist (mi'sam) is the joint between the forearm and the palm, the… - Concept
Mihragan
The sixteenth of Mihrmah — the Persian feast set a hundred and seventy-four days after Nowruz. - Concept
What the right hand owns (milk al-yamin)
For al-Sha'rawi, what the right hand owns belongs to the aim of ending slavery. He holds that Islam widened… - Concept
Minor sins (saghair: the meaning, the distinction from grave sins, examples, and the view that all sins are grave)
Minor sins are, in the various definitions, those not ended by a curse, anger or fire; those lying between… - Concept
Measures (miqadir)
Miqadir are measures: the means by which a thing is known as counted, measured by volume, weight or length.… - Concept
The Nilometer
The Nile gauge in al-Mas'udi's account: sixteen cubits means full kharaj, seventeen the perfect flood,… - Concept
Inheritance (mirath)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy warns against denying an heir his inheritance, and says that whoever keeps an heir from… - Concept
Women's inheritance
Al-Sha'rawi notes that the verse 'O you who believe, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by force' ends… - Concept
The missionary movement in Muslim lands
Arslan's chapter on the missionary writer Samuel Zwemer reports the Christian missionary movement in Muslim… - Concept
The covenant of the prophets (confirming and supporting each messenger)
Sha'rawi holds that God took a covenant from the prophets to believe in and support any messenger who comes… - Concept
The covenant with the Children of Israel
The covenant that God took from the Children of Israel to act upon the Torah, and what followed from breaking… - Concept
Water for purification: its kinds and rulings (miyah)
The encyclopedia divides water by its quality into four kinds: pure water (mutlaq), used water (musta'mal),… - Concept
The roof spout (mizab) and the rulings on it
A roof spout (mizab) is a pipe that carries water off a roof or a high place. Most jurists allow a spout to… - Concept
The balance (mizan) and the standards of weight and measure
The balance (mizan) is one of the two instruments for measuring the fixed quantities of the law, the other… - Concept
Shahr (the month: the lunar month in law, the months of pilgrimage, the iddah in months, and the hire by the month)
When the word is used without qualification in law, the month means the lunar month, as the verse of the… - Concept
Shaarib (the moustache) and the rules on it
The shaarib is, in language, the active participle of drink, and the term also names the hair that flows over… - Concept
Teacher (mu'allim)
In the Kuwaiti encyclopedia's account a mu'allim is one who takes teaching as a profession, and the word also… - Concept
Mubahala (mutual invocation of God's curse)
Mubahala is a supplication in which two opposing parties gather and ask God to send His curse on the one who… - Concept
Mubalagha (thoroughness in acts of worship and in words)
Mubalagha, in lexicon, is striving and not falling short, or extravagance. The jurists agree that… - Concept
Single combat (mubaraza): permission, challenge, spoils, pledges
Mubaraza, in lexicon, is a form of barraza, to come forward; in technical use it is two champions from the… - Concept
Mubashara (bodily contact): menses, fasting, retreat, pilgrimage and liability
Mubashara, in lexicon, is touching the skin of another, and also sexual intercourse. There is no dispute that… - Concept
The silent trade
The dumb-barter of the gold land opposite Sijilmasa beyond the great river: goods left ashore are found… - Concept
Thigh contact (mufakhadha)
Mufakhadha, in the lexical sense, means a man sitting between a woman's thighs or above them as one does in… - Concept
Leaving the congregation mid-prayer (mufaraqa)
Mufaraqa means separation. In prayer it is the follower's leaving his imam, or a worshipper's leaving the… - Concept
Woman married without a fixed dower (mufawwada)
A mufawwada is a woman married without a dower named, or on condition that she has none; the word is applied… - Concept
Excess (mughalat) in dowry, shroud and worship
Mughalat means exaggeration: going beyond the proper measure in a thing. The jurists keep the technical sense… - Concept
The emigrants to Abyssinia
Ibn Ishaq's term for the Companions who emigrated to Abyssinia; the sira groups them by how they returned:… - Concept
The clear and the ambiguous verses (muhkam and mutashabih)
Sha'rawi holds that the muhkam is what leaves no room for disagreement and is the basis of action, and that… - Concept
Mujtahid
The mujtahid is one who reaches the rank of deriving rulings from their proofs; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia… - Concept
Open assault by force (mukabara)
Mukabara means overpowering and defying. In the jurists' usage it is one aspect of highway robbery (hiraba):… - Concept
Reciprocity and equality (mukafa'a)
Mukafa'a means returning like for like, and in the lexicon it is equality, as in the hadith that the blood of… - Concept
Contract of manumission by instalments (mukataba)
A mukataba is a contract between a slave and his master in which the slave is freed on paying a sum due in… - Concept
Unlawful tolls and levies (mukus)
Mukus is the plural of maks, which in the lexicon means loss and injustice. It names the dues taken from… - Concept
Mu'min (believer)
The mu'min in Sunni usage is one who believes what the Prophet brought and acknowledges all he said and… - Concept
Mu'na (cost and maintenance): zakat, hire, usurped goods, waqf and loan
Mu'na, in lexicon, is burden; in fiqh it is the cost a person bears, such as maintenance and similar expense.… - Concept
The munafiq
The munafiq in legal-theological usage is one who outwardly shows Islam while concealing disbelief; the… - Concept
Preliminaries to intercourse (muqaddimat al-jima')
Preliminaries to intercourse are the kissing, touching and close contact that come before it. The jurists… - Concept
Set-off of debts (muqasa)
Muqasa is the set-off of a debt owed to a person against a debt that person owes his debtor, one of the ways… - Concept
Division by shares (muqasama)
Muqasama is the division of a shared thing into shares; each partner takes his portion. The jurists use the… - Concept
Barter (muqayada)
Muqayada is, in the lexicon, an exchange of one thing for another. The jurists define it as the sale of goods… - Concept
Implied meaning (muqtada)
Muqtada is, in the lexicon, implication. In usul it is an utterance that cannot stand unless something is… - Concept
Muraawada (gentle drawing of people toward the right)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy holds that muraawada is gently drawing a creature out of its natural state, illustrated… - Concept
Watchfulness before God (muraqaba)
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons, watchfulness means that the heart watches over its owner: whoever does… - Concept
The decision matrix
The decision matrix as Tareq al-Suwaidan teaches it: essential conditions are separated from preferential… - Concept
Intoxicants (muskirat)
Intoxicants in the forty-sixth hadith of Ibn Rajab's additions are a genus not confined to wine: 'every… - Concept
Hadith methodology (mustalah al-hadith)
Mustalah al-hadith is the science of the states of chain and text — sahih, hasan, da'if; mawquf, marfu',… - Concept
Mut'a (temporary marriage)
Mut'a — fixed-term marriage for a fee; Ahmad Amin surveys the hadiths (licensed in travel and need, then… - Concept
Mutaraka (release from a defective contract, and its effects)
Mutaraka, in lexicon, is leaving and parting; the jurists did not define it clearly, and most used fasKh… - Concept
Hiring by the day (muyawama)
Muyawama means dealing with a person by the day: fixing the period of a use to one day or several days. The… - Concept
Debased coin (nabahraja)
In the usage of the Hanafis, nabahraja is a worthless or counterfeit dirham, or one that traders reject, or… - Concept
The grave-robber who steals shrouds (nabbash)
A nabbash is one who digs up graves to steal the shrouds of the dead after burial; nabbasha is the trade of… - Concept
The prophet (nabi)
In the lexicon, nabi comes from information (inba'); in law, a nabi is one to whom revelation comes through… - Concept
Prophet and messenger (the difference between conveying and exemplifying)
Sha'rawi holds that a messenger is sent both to convey and to serve as an example, carrying the law, applying… - Concept
Exhuming graves (nabsh)
To dig up is to bring out what is buried and expose what is hidden. Exhuming a grave before decay without… - Concept
Recommended acts (nadb)
Nadb, in the lexicon, is a call to an act, as in the lamentation for the dead by recounting their virtues. In… - Concept
Liquid cash from goods (nadd)
In the lexicon, nadd is goods turned into dirhams or dinars. The Malikis require, for zakat on trade goods… - Concept
Nadh (sprinkling water)
Nadh, in the lexicon, is wetting or sprinkling with water, and it is also the water drawn for crops and the… - Concept
The vow (nadhr) and its rulings
A vow (nadhr), in the lexicon, is a vow to God; in law, it is a binding commitment that a free, responsible… - Concept
Rarity and the rare case (nadira)
Nadira, in the lexicon, is the falling away or the rare appearance of a thing; in the usage of the jurists,… - Concept
Nafadh (taking effect)
Nafadh, in the lexicon, is passing and taking effect; as a term it is the effect of a valid disposition… - Concept
Nafaqa (maintenance)
Nafaqa, in the lexicon, is what is spent; as a term it is what a person needs to sustain life in the usual… - Concept
Maintenance of relatives (nafaqat al-aqarib)
- Concept
Nafkh (blowing)
Nafkh, in the lexicon, is sending out air; one blows into a horn to make it sound. Most jurists dislike… - Concept
Nafl (voluntary worship in fiqh)
Nafl, in the lexicon, is an addition. The Hanafis define it as what is neither obligatory nor required; the… - Concept
Jahiliyya doctrines of the soul
The Arabs' rival accounts of the soul before Islam: for one school the soul is simply the blood and the… - Concept
The self-reproaching soul (nafs lawwama)
Sha'rawi holds that the human soul contains a faith-cell which wakes after heedlessness and reproaches its… - Concept
Nafy (exile and banishment)
Nafy, in the lexicon, is banishment, driving out and removal. The Qur'anic phrase about exile has three… - Concept
Nahariyyat (marriage on condition of day only)
Nahariyyat, for the Hanafis, is a woman whom a man marries on condition that he be with her by day and not by… - Concept
Nahb (plunder)
Nahb is, in the lexicon, taking by force and dominance in the open. The jurists use it for taking by force in… - Concept
Slaughter by throat-stabbing (nahr)
Nahr, in the lexicon, is to stab a camel in its throat-hollow, where the windpipe shows above the chest. Most… - Concept
Nahr (river)
Nahr, in the lexicon, is a channel of fresh water, a wide running stream; for the jurists it is a channel for… - Concept
Nahy (prohibition, in usul al-fiqh)
Nahy, in the lexicon, is the opposite of command; for the usulis it is demanding cessation from an act from a… - Concept
Nai (announcing a death)
Nai, in the lexicon, is news of a death; the announcer (nai) brings or spreads it. The Arabs used to send a… - Concept
The mourning woman (na'iha)
In the lexicon, a na'iha is a woman who weeps over the dead and recounts their virtues. The jurists hold that… - Concept
Impurity (najasa) and its rulings
Najasa in the lexicon is what makes a thing soiled with filth. The Shafi'is define it as a repugnant thing… - Concept
Inciting the bidding (najsh)
Najash, in the lexicon, is inciting; in usage it is raising the bid for goods above their worth without… - Concept
Nakhwa: chivalry and the knightly code
In al-Aqqad's reading of Ali ibn Abi Talib, nakhwa is the knightly code: courage joined with generosity,… - Concept
Nakth (breaking a covenant or contract)
Nakth is, in the lexicon, the undoing of what has been tied or agreed, and in the term, breaking covenants… - Concept
Nama' (increase and yield)
Nama' is, in the lexicon, growth; for the jurists, the increase, benefit and income a thing produces. It is… - Concept
The names of God within the Verse of the Throne
Sha'rawi reports a disagreement over how many of God's names the Verse of the Throne contains: sixteen, or… - Concept
Namimah (tale-bearing)
Namimah is, in the lexicon, going between people to stir strife; in the term, carrying speech from its… - Concept
Naqd (annulment and breaking)
Naqd, in the lexicon, is undoing what was tied; in the usul sense it is a flaw in a cause when the ruling… - Concept
Naqia (feast for a returning traveller)
Naqia, in the lexicon, is food prepared for a traveller who returns; the word also covers food at a betrothal… - Concept
The defective case of inheritance (naqisa)
In the law of inheritance, a defective case (naqisa) is one in which the shares of the fixed-share heirs fall… - Concept
The Naqshbandi order and revolts in Asia (Arslan's account)
In the Pan-Islamic chapter Arslan says the Naqshbandi order spread east from Central Asia as far as China,… - Concept
Narcotics and drugging
Takhdir is a numbness that comes over some limbs or the whole body; a narcotic makes a person lose… - Concept
Backgammon and games of chance (nard)
Nard, in the lexicon, is a well-known game; the word is Persian. Shatranj relies on thought and planning,… - Concept
Deferred payment and sale on credit (nasa')
Nasi'a, in the lexicon, is delay; in law it is the deferral of the price or of the goods, the opposite of… - Concept
Lineage (nasab) and the proofs of descent
Nasab, in the lexicon, is lineage; in law it is the relation between two people through a shared birth, near… - Concept
The Prophet's lineage and its three parts
al-Raheeq al-Makhtum divides the Prophet's lineage into three parts: one agreed on by the sira and genealogy… - Concept
Share (nasib) in the rules of property and inheritance
Nasib, in the lexicon, is a share or portion of anything; a share is also the part of something divided. In… - Concept
Nasiha (sincere counsel)
Wishing good for the one counselled and standing for him in the ways of good in will and deed; in Tamim… - Concept
Abrogation (naskh) in legal theory
Naskh, in the lexicon, means copying one text from another, and also annulment or removal. In the technical… - Concept
Offspring (nasl) and its legal rulings
Nasl means offspring or progeny in the lexicon, and the jurists use it for the young of a human or an animal,… - Concept
God's victory for the believers and its conditions
Arjun holds that God's help for believers depends on their help for God: holding to the Shari'a and its… - Concept
Plucking hair or feathers (nataf)
Natf, in the lexicon, is to pluck hair, wool or feathers. It differs from shaving with a blade (halq), from… - Concept
Scattered gifts (nathar)
Nathar, in the lexicon, is the scattering of a thing, such as nuts, almonds, sugar or coins. It is different… - Concept
Natiha (gored animal)
Natiha is an animal gored to death by another's horns; a gored animal is carrion, and every gored animal is… - Concept
Nationalisation (tamim)
- Concept
Drawing out the last urine (natr)
Natr, in the lexicon, is to pull a thing hard. In law it is drawing out the last of the urine from the penis… - Concept
Naw' (kind or species, and its effect on zakat and exchange)
Naw' in the lexical sense is a kind or class; the Jurist al-Jurjani defined it as a term for many different… - Concept
Supererogatory works (nawafil)
Supererogatory works in the thirty-eighth hadith of the Forty are the second rank of drawing near after the… - Concept
Nawa'ib (extraordinary levies on the people: their rightful and unjust forms)
Nawa'ib are the plural of nawaiba, a calamity or an extraordinary matter that befalls people. In the Hanafi… - Concept
Nawm (sleep: its rulings, its effect on ablution, worship and legal acts)
Nawm in the lexical sense is calm and stillness; technically it is the relaxing of the brain's nerves through… - Concept
Nayruz
The first day of Farwardinmah, head of the Persian year — one hundred and seventy-four days from the Mihragan… - Concept
Nazar (looking) and its rulings
Nazar, in the lexicon, is the sense of sight or considering a thing with the eye; it can also mean keeping or… - Concept
Motivation theories in management (X, Y, Z and Maslow)
Motivation theories as Tareq al-Suwaidan narrates their development: Taylor's Theory X (man is a machine… - Concept
Conspiracy theory (nazariyyat al-muamara) and the nation's decline
The programme asks whether the conspiracy theory explains the nation's decline; Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy holds… - Concept
The supervisor of an endowment (nazir)
A nazir of an endowment, in the jurists' usage, is the one who manages the endowment, guards it and its… - Concept
Hypocrisy (nifaq)
Hypocrisy in the forty-eighth hadith of Ibn Rajab's additions is known by its practical marks: 'four traits —… - Concept
Nifas (postnatal bleeding)
Nifas, in the lexicon, is a woman's childbirth. As a term, the Hanafis and Shafi'is define it as the blood… - Concept
Marriage to a slave woman (nikah al-amah)
Al-Sha'rawi says marriage to a believing slave woman needs her owner's permission, that her dower is paid in… - Concept
Nikah (marriage in fiqh)
In the lexicon, nikah can mean intercourse or the contract without intercourse. Each school gives its own… - Concept
Forbidden marriage (nikah munhi 'anhu)
A forbidden marriage is one the lawgiver has forbidden. The encyclopedia sets out the pre-Islamic forms, the… - Concept
Niqab (face veil)
Niqab, in the lexicon, is a cover the woman puts over her nose to hide her face. It is tied to the question… - Concept
Nisab (wealth threshold)
Nisab in fiqh is the wealth threshold that obliges zakat; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia treats the… - Concept
Forgetfulness (nisyan) and its legal effects
Nisyan in the lexicon is the opposite of remembering or retaining, and it also means leaving aside or… - Concept
Niyaba (representation and agency: contractual and legal, and substitution in worship)
Niyaba in the lexical sense is making another one's deputy in a matter; technically it is one person's… - Concept
Niyaha (wailing over the dead: its ruling, the dead's punishment, and hire)
Niyaha in the lexical sense is wailing aloud, as in keening; the jurists' definitions differ: for the Hanafis… - Concept
Niyya (intention in deeds)
The purpose and will behind an act; Ibn Rajab notes that intention has two senses in scholars' usage:… - Concept
Niyya (intention: its place in worship, contracts and oaths, its conditions and time)
Niyya in the lexical sense is intention. For the Hanafis it is the purpose of obeying and drawing near to God… - Concept
Freedom of belief and compulsion in religion
Sha'rawi holds that God did not compel anyone into belief, since force governs bodies, not hearts. A person… - Concept
Nu'as (drowsiness)
Nu'as, in the lexicon, is the start of sleep or light sleep; the senses weaken but do not drop as in sleep,… - Concept
Prophethood (nubuwwa)
Nubuwwa comes from the root for height or for news, and nabi is related to both. In law it is an affirmative… - Concept
The spinal marrow (nukha')
Nukha', in the lexicon, is the white vein inside the neck running along the spine to the coccyx; mukh is the… - Concept
Phlegm (nukhama) and its purity
Nukhama, in the lexicon, is what comes out of the chest or the nose, phlegm and matter, when one clears the… - Concept
Nukul (refusal to swear)
Nukul is refusing to swear an oath that has been required. The jurists differ over its nature (a surrender,… - Concept
Marital disobedience (nushuz) and its rulings
Nushuz in the lexicon means rising up, and a wife is said to be nashiz when she disobeys her husband and… - Concept
Nutfa (seminal drop)
Nutfa, in the lexicon, is the fluid of a man or a woman, and also a small quantity of water; it is the first… - Concept
Nutq (speech)
Nutq, in the lexicon, is speech; logic (mantiq) and expression (ibara) are related words, and expression is… - Concept
Descent and dismounting (nuzul)
Nuzul, in the lexicon, is descent from a height to a lower place. In law there are several rulings. On what… - Concept
Opportunity cost and choosing between benefits
- Concept
Orientalism
Zaqzuq defines orientalism in its narrow sense as Western study of the Islamic East in its languages,… - Concept
The orientalist claim that the Prophet authored the Qur'an
Zaqzuq presents orientalist views on the source of the Qur'an. He reports that George Sale's English preface… - Concept
The orientalist claim that Islamic law derives from Roman law
Zaqzuq reports that most orientalists think Islamic law was influenced by Roman law to varying degrees, and… - Concept
European scholarly debates on the Prophet's mission
In his chapter on the mission Arslan surveys disagreements among European scholars about the Prophet and the… - Concept
Ottoman-Islamic versus Turanian-Turkish nationalism
In Arslan's commentary on Stoddard, two currents among Ottoman Turks are described: an Ottoman-Islamic one… - Concept
Overlap of causes and rulings (tadakhul)
Tadakhul is one thing entering another without any addition in size or measure. In the jurists' usage,… - Concept
Pan-Islamism
In the second chapter Arslan treats Pan-Islamism as a religious and political movement grounded in a shared… - Concept
Shalal (paralysis: its rulings for touch, prayer, injury, retaliation and marriage)
Shalal is the corruption of a limb and the loss of its movement; the loss of feeling entirely is not… - Concept
Peace in Islam
Mahmud Hamdi Zaqzuq presents peace in Islam as three overlapping circles: inner peace, peace with God through… - Concept
The scales of deeds and the people of the heights
Sha'rawi presents accounting by the scales as the Qur'an describes it. Those whose scales are heavy succeed… - Concept
Perfect competition
- Concept
Persian ethnic sentiment and Islam
Arslan describes two senior Persian scholars he knew, devout Shi'is who loved the family of the Prophet, yet… - Concept
Shi'ism in Persia
In his chapter on Persian Islam and the origin of Shi'ism, Arslan argues that Shi'ism was not old among… - Concept
Poetry attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib
Al-Sallabi reports that Ali's critical remarks on poetry and several verses are attributed to him. Ibn Hisham… - Concept
Poetry (shi'r): its permissibility, limits, teaching, recitation and the rulings that touch poets
Shi'r in language means knowledge; the word came to be used for measured and rhymed speech because of its… - Concept
Popular learning in Arab civilisation
Arslan's chapter describes the spread of learning beyond a narrow class in early Arab-Islamic civilisation.… - Concept
Poverty and sufficiency in Islam
Muhammad Shawqi al-Fanjari distinguishes kafaf, the bare minimum to keep a person alive, from kifaya or… - Concept
Shufa (pre-emption: the right of a co-owner or neighbour to take property sold to a stranger)
Shufa is the compelled taking of property by the buyer's price from the new purchaser, or a right of… - Concept
The political condition of the Arabs before Islam
al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's picture of rule in Arabia at the rise of Islam: crowned but dependent kings in Yemen,… - Concept
Price, value and price-fixing
- Concept
Production in Islam
- Concept
Profit in Islam
- Concept
Maximisation of profit and minimisation of loss
- Concept
Prohibition of killing women, children and non-combatant labourers in war
A foundational rule of Islamic laws of war proclaimed by the Prophet at the Battle of Hunayn upon seeing a… - Concept
How belief is established
A question in the principles of religion: by what proof is belief established? Mahmud Shaltut, reporting the… - Concept
The Prophet's biography in European scholarship
Arslan reviews Émile Dermenghem's Life of Muhammad, a French study. He discusses the book's treatment of the… - Concept
The Prophet's knowledge of earlier news
Sha'rawi holds that the Prophet's knowledge of earlier messengers' news, though he could not read or write… - Concept
Private and public interest and the invisible hand
- Concept
Public and secret charity
Sha'rawi holds that a wealthy person should give openly, to protect his honour from people's talk, while… - Concept
Sadid (pus: whether it is impure, whether it breaks wudu', and its effect on prayer)
In language sadid is the thin liquid of a wound mixed with blood before it thickens; once thick it is called… - Concept
The acceptance of reports
The schools' rules for reports: mutawatir obliging knowledge and action, the single report obliging action… - Concept
Judicial ruling and religious truth (qada and diyana)
Al-Sha'rawi separates judicial ruling, which rests on evidence before a judge, from religious truth, which… - Concept
Qadar (divine decree)
The Tahawi creed's belief that God created by His knowledge and decreed measures and terms, that all things… - Concept
The sound heart (qalb salim)
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons, the sound heart (qalb salim) is the heart lit by faith, set against the… - Concept
Contentment (qana'a)
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons, contentment (qana'a) is the soul's acceptance of what God has… - Concept
Pareto's law (the 80/20 rule)
Pareto's law as Tareq al-Suwaidan teaches it: twenty per cent of causes yield eighty per cent of results — in… - Concept
The good loan to God (qard hasan)
Sha'rawi holds that spending in God's cause is called a loan because the giver hands over wealth in hope of… - Concept
Qareen
The qareen in hadith is the jinn companion assigned to every person; Muslim reports 'there is not one of you… - Concept
Qarunism (the doctrine of the rich who forget the Giver)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy holds that Qarunism is a doctrine of life, the rich man who hoards and forgets the… - Concept
The stories of the Qur'an
Sha'rawi holds that the stories of the Qur'an are events that happened, told to strengthen the Prophet and… - Concept
Hardness of heart and its ailments
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy says that no punishment is greater for a servant than hardness of heart and distance… - Concept
Qati'a (Land Grant)
The qati'a in Basra and the Sawad: land the ruler grants a man to reclaim and cultivate — Ziyad would grant a… - Concept
The monkey laws and delegation
The monkey laws as Tareq al-Suwaidan explains them from Oncken and Blanchard's book: the monkey is the next… - Concept
Vomit
Vomit is, in the terminology of the jurists, what comes out of food after it has settled in the stomach; it… - Concept
Pus (qayh)
In the lexicon qayh is pure matter that has no blood mixed in; sadid is thin wound fluid mixed with blood… - Concept
Midday rest (qaylula)
In the lexicon qaylula is sleeping in the middle of the day; the jurists use it in the same sense, meaning a… - Concept
Appointed guardian (qayyim)
In the jurists' terms a qayyim is a person appointed by the judge to carry out the bequest of someone who… - Concept
Qibla
The qibla is the direction of the Kaaba which the worshipper faces in prayer; in Medina it was turned from… - Concept
Eating little
Eating little in the forty-seventh hadith of Ibn Rajab's additions is the prophetic rule of food and… - Concept
Value (qima)
In the lexicon qima is the price of a thing as assessed. The jurists define it as what a thing is valued at,… - Concept
Gambling and speculation in exchanges
- Concept
Non-fungible goods (qimiyyat)
Non-fungible goods (qimiyyat) are items with no equivalent in the market, or whose equivalents differ… - Concept
Qira'at (the canonical readings)
Qira'at is the science of transmitting the recitation of the Qur'an through the transmitted readings;… - Concept
Qirad (mudaraba)
- Concept
Curtailing hope in the world (qisar al-amal)
Curtailing hopes in the world, founded on the fortieth hadith of the Forty: 'be in this world as though a… - Concept
The story of the cow and the naming of al-Baqara
Sha'rawi holds that al-Baqara takes its name from the story of the cow: a murdered man, struck with part of… - Concept
Priests and monks (qissisun and ruhban)
Rida glosses the words qissisin (priests) and ruhban (monks) in Qur'an 5:82: a ruhban is a celibate devotee… - Concept
Qiyafa (likeness-reading)
The art of tracing likeness — reading footprints and kinship resemblance: debated by the ancients, a… - Concept
Qiyafa (legal rulings)
In the jurists' usage, qiyafa is the reading of likeness, either of footprints or of a person's bodily… - Concept
Night vigil, qiyam al-layl (legal rulings)
In the jurists' usage, the night vigil is spending part of the night in prayer or other worship. All schools… - Concept
Standing (qiyam)
In jurisprudence qiyam is standing upright. Most of its rules belong to prayer: standing is a pillar of… - Concept
Qiyas
Qiyas in usul usage is extending a root case's ruling to a branch case for a shared cause; al-Shafi'i counts… - Concept
Measuring the earth
Estimating the earth's circumference by measuring one degree of a north-south meridian in cubits. al-Farghani… - Concept
Casanova's thesis that the Qur'an was altered after the Prophet's death
A thesis that Ghallab attributes to the orientalist Paul Casanova in his book “Muhammad and the End of the… - Concept
The Quran and cosmic signs
Sha'rawi holds that the Quran did not come to teach the secrets of the cosmos. The Prophet, in his view,… - Concept
The descent of the Qur'an: sending down and gradual descent
Sha'rawi holds that the Qur'an had two descents: a sending down, all at once, to the lowest heaven on the… - Concept
The Quran's inimitability renewed in every age
Sha'rawi holds that the Quran's inimitability does not end with its revelation but gives each generation a… - Concept
The debate over translating the Qur'an and praying in translation
In Arslan's commentary, scholars disagree over translating the Qur'an and praying in other languages. He… - Concept
Quranism
Quranism is a modern current that restricts religious authority to the Qur'an alone and questions the… - Concept
The Clan Offices of Jahiliya Quraysh
Suyuti cites Ibn Ishaq: Quraysh had no single king to whom all affairs returned; each clan held a general… - Concept
Lots in distribution (qur'a)
- Concept
The rabbaniyyun (training and belonging to the Lord)
Sha'rawi holds that belonging to the Lord means that what the trainer teaches from the scripture is ascribed… - Concept
Rabd (the outskirts of a city, and a sheep pen): its place in travel-shortening and Friday prayer, and the reviving of land
Rabd in the lexicon is a sheep pen; the jurists use it for the houses and dwellings around a city, and for… - Concept
Rabi'a (the sentinel posted on a height to watch the enemy): his share in jihad, retaliation and banditry
A rabi'a is the lookout of a people, posted on a height to watch the enemy so the people are not surprised.… - Concept
Rabiba (a stepdaughter: the marriage bar that follows entering the mother)
A rabiba is the daughter of a wife, and the daughter of her son or daughter however far down, by blood or… - Concept
Rabigh (the place near al-Juhfa, a station for pilgrims from Medina)
Rabigh is a valley between the two sanctuaries near the sea, a known place close to al-Juhfa. Al-Juhfa was… - Concept
Milk-kinship prohibition (rada')
The prohibition effected by suckling in the forty-fourth hadith of Ibn Rajab's additions: 'suckling prohibits… - Concept
Rada'a (poor quality): the rules on giving poor goods in zakat, on exchanging good for poor, and on the description of goods in contracts
Rada'a in the lexicon is the opposite of goodness: baseness and defect. One may not give poor goods in place… - Concept
Rada' (suckling): who nurses, the wage of the nurse, the bars of marriage by milk kinship, and how suckling is proved
Rada' is the sucking of the breast and drinking of milk; in law it is the arrival of a woman's milk, or what… - Concept
Radd (return and restitution): of goods to their owner, of a contract, of a witness, and of an oath
Radd in the lexicon is turning back, refusal and sending back; in law it means returning a thing to its owner… - Concept
Radkh (a small gift from the spoils at the imam's discretion, to women, boys and others who help but do not fight)
Radkh in the lexicon is a small gift; in the jurists' usage it is a gift from the spoils whose amount the… - Concept
Rafath (intercourse and obscene speech in worship): its penalty in fasting, in i'tikaf and in the state of consecration
Rafath in the lexicon is intercourse and what passes between a man and a woman, such as kissing, and it is… - Concept
Rafd (abandoning an act of worship or an intention in it): its effect on ablution, prayer, fasting, the state of ihram and the pilgrimage
Rafd in the lexicon is abandonment; in the jurists' usage it is treating what has been done of the act and… - Concept
What accompanies a person to the grave
What accompanies a person to the grave, in Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's account: goods stay behind, family walks… - Concept
Raghaib (the special supererogatory prayers: the Maliki sense, the Fajr sunna, and the prayers of Rajab and mid-Sha'ban that the Hanafis and Shafi'is call innovation)
Raghaib is the plural of raghiba, a great gift or a good deed urged upon the believer; for the Malikis it is… - Concept
Rahan: the wager (its senses, the contest in horse-racing and archery, and what may be staked)
Rahan means a wager or stake. In the sense of risk, it is forbidden by consensus among Muslims and dhimmis,… - Concept
Rahbaniyya: monasticism, its rejection in Islam, and the preference for mixing with people
Rahbaniyya is derived from fear and awe; a rahib (monk) was in origin a worshipper who lived in a cell among… - Concept
Monk (rahib): his killing in jihad and the jizya on monks
A monk, rahib, is one who fears God; in the usual sense it is a Christian who withdraws for worship, and the… - Concept
Mercy (rahma)
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons, mercy is the principle that governs how a Muslim treats people and… - Concept
Rahn: the pledge of property as security for a debt (its ruling, parties, pledged item, use, liability, sale and ending)
Rahn means fixity and permanence in the lexicon and detention in another sense; in law it is making a… - Concept
Smell (raiha) in the rulings: purity, pilgrim, mosques, harm, the drinker and the wife
Smell is an accident perceived by the sense of smell, whether pleasant or foul; the word rih is used by some… - Concept
Raj'a (return of a divorced wife in the waiting period): its ruling, its conditions, its forms and its effects
Raj'a in the lexicon is return; in the jurists' sense it is the continuation of a marriage that still stands,… - Concept
Raj'a (the return to the world)
Raj'a — the doctrine that after the Mahdi's appearance the imams and their opponents return to this world for… - Concept
Al-rajfa (the quake)
Rida glosses rajfa as violent shaking and prefers the reading of earthquake. The Qur'an names the punishment… - Concept
Rajul (the adult male): the rules that set men apart from women
In the technical sense a rajul is a male of mankind who has passed childhood by puberty; for inheritance the… - Concept
Ramadan (the month of fasting): its name, the sighting of its crescent, its special features, and the virtues and acts of worship recommended in it
Ramadan is the name of the known month; it is said to have been named for the season of intense heat when the… - Concept
Ramal: the brisk walk in the first three circuits of the tawaf
Ramal is the brisk walk: hurrying in one's steps while swaying the shoulders. Its ruling is that it is a… - Concept
The last breath (ramaq): repentance, retaliation and eating forbidden food to sustain life
Ramaq means the remnant of life: in the lexicon it is the last of the breath, and some say it is strength.… - Concept
Ramy: throwing (the stoning of the jamarat, the rulings of archery and hunting by throwing, and throwing the accusation of adultery)
Ramy in the lexicon means throwing or casting. The jurists use it for the stoning of the jamarat, for… - Concept
Raqaba (the neck; the person as a slave): its place in wiping the neck in ablution, in divorce and in zihar when attached to the neck, and in manumission
Raqaba in the lexicon is the neck, and by a figure of speech the whole person; it also means a slave, as in… - Concept
Raqm (the marking of a price on goods, and pictures on cloth): sale by the written price, and the decorated cloth
Raqm in the lexicon is the weaving of cloth; technically it is the mark that shows the price for which a sale… - Concept
Raqs (dancing): its ruling, its conditions, the dancer's testimony, and the hire for it
Raqs (dancing) in the lexicon is quick movement and agitation; technically it is swaying, bowing and rising… - Concept
Capital (ra's al-mal): the principal sum without profit
Capital (ra's al-mal) in the lexicon is the principal of money without profit or increase, the whole sum put… - Concept
Rasul (the messenger): the duty to convey, the penalty for insulting messengers, the prohibition on sacrifice in a messenger's name, and the Prophet's protected pastures
Rasul in the lexicon is one sent to carry a message; in technical use it has two senses: one sent from one… - Concept
Regular (ratib): the regular sunnas, the regular muezzin and the regular imam of a mosque
Ratib means fixed and settled, and its technical sense keeps that meaning. Among its uses are the regular… - Concept
The rational economic man
- Concept
Ratq (the closure of the female passage): its effect on the marriage, on the option to annul, on cure, maintenance and division
Ratq is the opposite of splitting; in the jurists' usage it is the closure of the place of intercourse by… - Concept
Rawaj: the currency in circulation and its effect on an unspecified price in a sale
Rawaj means speed in something; in the lexicon, a thing that sells and is in demand, and coins that are much… - Concept
Rawth: animal dung, its purity or impurity, its effect on prayer, its use in cleansing, and its sale
Rawth is the dung of an animal with hooves in the lexicon; the jurists use it for the dung of any animal,… - Concept
Ray': agricultural yield, rental proceeds, and waqf revenue in Islamic jurisprudence
Ray' lexically denotes growth, increase, and elevated ground, and in Islamic jurisprudence it signifies the… - Concept
Rayba: suspicion, doubt, and their legal effects in Islamic jurisprudence
Rayba denotes suspicion and doubt, and the juristic meaning aligns with its lexical usage. It is recommended… - Concept
Reason and knowledge in Islam
Mahmud Shaltut, the opening essay of the book, argues that Islam is a religion of reason and knowledge: the… - Concept
Religious experience
The inner experience on which faith rests, in the view of Muhammad Iqbal. In Lecture I he treats it as one of… - Concept
Restricted ownership
- Concept
Restricting permissible acts
- Concept
Stories of revival after death (the ruined town and Abraham's request)
Sha'rawi links the story of the man who passed a ruined town with Abraham's request to be shown how God… - Concept
Usury (riba)
- Concept
Riba in the rulings: the forbidden excess in exchange and in delay, its kinds, its causes and its rulings
Riba is excess in the lexical sense; in the jurists' usage it is an excess on one of two counter-values in an… - Concept
Ribat (garrisoning the frontier, and the endowed hostels for travellers)
Ribat in its root sense is the garrisoning of an enemy frontier; it is also used for keeping the five… - Concept
Profit (ribh): lawful and unlawful gain, profit from another's property, profit-sharing in partnership and investment, and zakat on trade profit
Ribh is gain in trade; its relatives are growth (nama') and income (ghalla), and growth is the wider term.… - Concept
Rida' (consent in contracts): its meaning, its place among the choices of the Hanafis and the majority, its defects, and its means of expression
Rida' in the lexicon is contentment and a glad heart; in the Hanafi usage it is the choice brought to its… - Concept
Rida' (the upper garment, worn over the izar): its wearing in ihram and in prayer, and turning it in the rain prayer
Rida' in the lexicon is the garment that covers the upper body over the izar, which covers the lower body.… - Concept
Ridh (the helper of the fighters in jihad): his share of the booty, his liability in crimes, and his place in retaliation and banditry
Ridh in the lexicon is a helper or supporter; in the usage of jihad he is one who stands in for the fighters… - Concept
Ridda (apostasy from Islam): its conditions, its forms, the repentance of the apostate, and its effects on property, marriage and worship
Ridda in the lexicon is turning back from a thing; in law it is a Muslim's unbelief by an explicit word, a… - Concept
Rifada (the provision for pilgrims, which Quraysh collected in the pre-Islamic period): its meaning, its related posts, and its standing in law
Rifada in the lexicon is a gift or a support; in the pre-Islamic period Quraysh collected money at the… - Concept
Rifq (gentleness): its ruling, God's gentleness to His servants, gentleness to parents, neighbours, followers, servants and animals
Rifq in the lexicon is gentleness, softness in the act and firmness in the purpose; it is the opposite of… - Concept
Rifqa (the travelling company): its recommendation, the duties of companions, the pilgrimage and the rules for women
Rifqa in the lexicon is companionship; a rifqa is the company that travels with a man. It is recommended to… - Concept
Rih: wind, flatulence, and related legal rulings in Islamic jurisprudence
Rih lexically signifies wind moving between heaven and earth, as well as scent and power, and its fiqh usage… - Concept
Rijl (the foot): washing in ablution, the theft and hirabah penalties, the blood-money for a foot, and its place in the nakedness rules
Rijl means the foot. In the jurists' usage it names the foot with the two ankle bones in the verse of… - Concept
Rikaz (buried treasure of the pre-Islamic period): what is owed on it (one fifth), its kinds, where it is found, to whom it belongs, and how the fifth is spent
Rikaz in the lexicon is what is fixed and hidden in the ground; for the majority it is the treasure buried by… - Concept
Rimad (ashes): whether ashes of pure and impure things are pure, whether tayammum may be made with them, and whether they are property
Rimad (ashes) in the lexicon is the fine dust of burnt coal, what remains after burning. There is no dispute… - Concept
Riq (bondage): its kinds and causes, the rights and duties of owner and slave, the marital and sexual rules, the slave's worship, transactions, crimes and inheritance, and how bondage ends
Riq (bondage) is a person's being owned by another; freedom is the original state, and the jurists set out… - Concept
Rish: feathers, plumage, and their rulings of purity and use in Islamic jurisprudence
Rish lexically denotes the plumage of birds, and riyash denotes furnishings and fine clothing, while in fiqh… - Concept
Rishwa (bribery): its definition, its ruling for giver and taker, the paying to avert harm, and its effects on judges and rulings
Rishwa in the lexicon is a fee or reward paid to secure a purpose; in the jurists' usage it is what is given… - Concept
Risk-taking in Islam
- Concept
Ritha' (praising the dead in verse or speech): its meaning and its ruling
Ritha' in the lexicon is compassion for the dead, weeping, praise and recounting his virtues, and in the… - Concept
Transmitting a hadith by its meaning (riwaya bil-maana)
- Concept
The reports from Imam Ahmad
The statements transmitted from Imam Ahmad on a single question, and how his companions reconciled them and… - Concept
Riya (ostentation)
Riya in the legal-religious terminology is displaying one's deeds to be seen by people; the Kuwaiti Fiqh… - Concept
Provision by averting harm (rizq al-salb)
Sha'rawi distinguishes provision by gain (rizq al-ijab), which comes through earning and increase, from… - Concept
Rizq (stipends from the treasury): who is paid, the register of the fighters, and the three groups the imam supports
Rizq in the lexicon is provision, given in this world or the next; in the jurists' usage it is what is fixed… - Concept
Saff (the row in prayer: straightening the rows, the merit of the first row, the place of women and children, and fleeing the line in battle)
A saff is a row of worshippers in prayer. The majority recommend straightening rows, with shoulders and feet… - Concept
Ru'af (nosebleed): whether it breaks ablution, how a bleeding worshipper continues or rebuilds his prayer, and its effect on fasting
Ru'af is bleeding from the nose; it bears on ablution, prayer and fasting. The Malikis, Shafi'is and most… - Concept
Ra'y (grazing): the freedom of pasture, the Haram's grass, the herdsman's liability and wage, and taking the milk of another's flock
Ra'y (grazing) is free by default, as the Prophet said that the Muslims share three things: pasture, water… - Concept
The quartets of making creatives
Tareq al-Suwaidan's methodology distilled from the lives of the greats of Islamic civilisation and the… - Concept
Rubu' (houses and walled dwellings): their sale and rent in Mecca, pre-emption, division and endowment
Rubu' is the plural of rab', a house or dwelling; the jurists also use it for a building and a walled palm… - Concept
Ruju' (return or retraction): in judgment and fatwa, in contracts, in testimony and confession, in apostasy and in the rules of travel
Ruju' in the lexicon is turning back; in the law it is a return to what was, or the undoing of an act. It may… - Concept
Rukhsa (the concession: a ruling eased for a reason, set against the strict ruling 'azima)
Rukhsa in the lexicon is ease and permission after a prohibition; in usage it is what is made lighter for the… - Concept
Rukn (pillar): what an act cannot exist without, as against the condition and the obligation; the pillars of worship and of contracts; and the kissing of the corners of the Ka'ba
Rukn in the lexicon is the strongest side and the great matter; technically it is what a thing cannot exist… - Concept
Rukub (riding): prayer on the mount, prayer of the warrior and the pilgrim on a mount, tawaf on a mount, liability for a beast's damage, and the supplications of the rider
Rukub (riding) in the lexicon is mounting a beast, and some say it is peculiar to camels. All agree that… - Concept
Rukuh (the bow in prayer): its ruling as a pillar, the calm in it, its posture, the raising of the hands, the glorifications, and the prohibition of bowing to a creature
Rukuh (bowing) in the lexicon is inclining; in prayer it is lowering the head with the back bent in a fixed… - Concept
Rukun (inclining to a suitor): the approval that precedes marriage, and retraction from it
Rukun in the lexicon is inclining, settling and feeling at ease; in law it is the inclination toward a suitor… - Concept
False rumour and verification (tathabbut) in Islam
In the book's definition a rumour is a report that spreads without being verified, and it is usually meant to… - Concept
Ruqba (a 'life-estate' in which each party watches for the other's death): its meaning, its relation to the umra and the gift, and the schools' views
Ruqba in the lexicon comes from watching; one says: I grant you this house as a ruqba: if I die first it… - Concept
Ruqya (healing by recitation and charms): when it is lawful, its conditions, and the taking of a fee for it
Ruqya in the lexicon is the charm recited over a sufferer from fever or fits, and its plural is ruqa. The… - Concept
Rusgh (the wrist): the limit of washing the hands in ablution and of wiping them in tayammum, and the place of the cut in theft
Rusgh in the lexicon is the joint between the forearm and the palm; in the jurists' usage it marks the limit… - Concept
Rushd (sound judgment as the end of a ward's incapacity): its meaning, the test of a child, and the release of property
Rushd in the lexicon is sound judgment and right conduct; in the jurists' usage it is the soundness of… - Concept
Russia's effect on the East
Arslan surveys European and Russian writings on how Tsarist Russia affected the Middle East and Asia, then… - Concept
Rutuba (moisture): whether the moisture of a woman's private part, of a beast and of a contact with an impurity is pure, and its effects on cleaning with stones and on wet semen
Rutuba is dampness, the opposite of dryness; the Hanbalis distinguish moisture from wetness in ruling on… - Concept
The dream (ru'ya): its standing, its interpretation and the rules of telling it
A dream (ru'ya) is what a person sees in sleep; it is distinct from inspiration (ilham), from a bad dream… - Concept
Sight (ru'ya) in the rulings: seeing as a legal basis
In lexicon ru'ya is perceiving a thing with the eye, and it may also be by the heart; jurists mostly use the… - Concept
The vision of God in the hereafter
al-Tahawi's statement that the vision of God by the people of Paradise is true, without encompassing or how,… - Concept
Sighting the crescent (ru'yat al-hilal): how the start and end of the lunar month are proved
Sight is seeing with the eye or the heart; when it takes material things as its object it is by the eye. The… - Concept
Sa' (Islamic measure)
Draft card for the sa', the Prophetic-era standard measure for grain and produce used in zakat al-fitr and… - Concept
Sabi'a (the Sabians: who they were, whether they are People of the Book, and the rulings on their land, blood money, food and marriage)
The Sabians are a people whose religion the jurists classed in different ways: whether they are People of the… - Concept
Sabq (contests and races)
- Concept
Sabr (patience and steadfast endurance)
Holding the soul to God's obedience, away from disobedience, and through His painful decrees; in the… - Concept
The ark and sakina (sacred relics)
Sha'rawi holds that relics tied to events of faith and prophethood should be preserved and not treated as… - Concept
Charity (sadaqa)
Charity in the usage of the Forty hadiths 25 and 26 is wider than alms of money: the poor Companions supposed… - Concept
Ongoing charity (sadaqa jariya)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy says that the reward of planting continues for whatever eats from it or shelters under… - Concept
Sadaqah
Sadaqah in legal usage is what is given seeking the reward; the jurists detail its rulings in the chapters of… - Concept
The agonies of death (sakarat al-mawt)
In episode 8 of his Tafsir, Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy sets out a picture of the soul's departure at death, saying… - Concept
The middle prayer (al-salat al-wusta)
On the verse 'guard the prayers and the middle prayer,' Sha'rawi lists ways to identify the middle prayer: by… - Concept
The planets' reign and the world's cycles
The astronomers' doctrine of world-cycles: Virgo now reigns 7,000 years — this world's age — Jupiter… - Concept
Sama' (hearing) and its rulings
In the lexicon sama' means perceiving by the sense of hearing, and it carries the senses of answering,… - Concept
Samt (direction, bearing) and facing the qibla
In the lexicon samt means a direction or aim, and musamata means facing or being opposite; one who faces the… - Concept
Sanad (a written instrument of right, and the chain of narrators)
In the lexicon sanad is whatever one leans on and relies on. In the technical sense it has two uses. The… - Concept
The Sanusi plan for Pan-Islamic unity
Arslan describes what he presents as the Sanusi order's programme in North Africa: prepare religious and… - Concept
Sarf (exchange of money for money: its conditions of mutual receipt, equal weight, no option, no deferment, the kinds of exchange, defective coins, and copper coins)
In the law sarf is the sale of a price for a price: the exchange of money for money, of the same kind or of… - Concept
Sarura (one who has not yet performed the pilgrimage for himself: his proxy pilgrimage, and the payment for it)
In the jurists' usage a sarura is one who has not performed the pilgrimage of Islam for himself; Ibn 'Abidin… - Concept
Concealing a Muslim's fault (satr)
Concealing a Muslim, in Abu Hurayra's hadith — the thirty-sixth of the Forty — is one of the acts of aiding a… - Concept
Saving and investment
- Concept
Sawafi (the crown lands of the Sawad)
Sawafi in al-Baladhuri is what Umar set apart from the Sawad's land for the Muslims — neither left in its… - Concept
Sawm (pasturing livestock, and bidding in sale)
In language sawm is offering goods for sale; the jurists use it for pasturing on open pasture and for a… - Concept
Security of life in Islam
Muhammad al-Khidr Husayn treats the sanctity of life as part of freedom. He likens the community to one body,… - Concept
Sha'a'ir (the outward rites and signs of Islam)
Sha'a'ir is the plural of sha'ira, a sign or mark. When attributed to God the word means the signs of His… - Concept
Intercession
al-Tahawi's belief that the intercession God has kept for the Prophet's community is true, and that those of… - Concept
The shahada
The testimony that there is no god but God and that Muhammad is God's messenger, named first in the hadith… - Concept
God's testimony to His own oneness
Sha'rawi holds that God's testimony that there is no god but Him came before the testimony of any creature,… - Concept
Shahid (martyr)
The shahid in Sunni tradition is one killed defending religion, property or life, joined by jurists'… - Concept
Complaint to God (shakwa ila Allah)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy says that the ignorant complain about God to people, while whoever knows his Lord does… - Concept
Shar' man qablana (the law of earlier prophets, and whether it binds us)
The shar' in language is the clear road to water; in the technical sense it is the religion God established… - Concept
Expansion of the breast (sharh al-sadr)
The expansion and opening of the breast as Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy presents it: its secrets known to its… - Concept
Partnership (sharika)
- Concept
Sharika (partnership: ownership and contract, its kinds, conditions, effects and end)
Sharika in language is mixing two shares; in the technical sense there are two kinds: ownership partnership,… - Concept
Shart (a condition in law: its kinds, and its effect on contracts)
In language shart is the binding of a thing and its obligation, and also a sign, as in the signs of the Hour;… - Concept
Shawwal (the month after Ramadan: fasting six days of it, the sighting of its new moon, and the rule when one sees it alone)
Shawwal is the lunar month after Ramadan; it is the month of the festival of breaking the fast and the first… - Concept
Shi'ism in Syria and Jabal Amil
Arslan debates whether Shi'ism is older in Syria or in Persia. He reads the Abu Dhar al-Ghifari traditions as… - Concept
Shi'ar (the distinctive sign: the inner garment, a battle cry, and dress that sets a group apart)
Shi'ar in language is the garment that touches the body, under the outer cloak; in the jurists' usage it is… - Concept
Shighar (exchange marriage without a dower: its definition and the rulings of the four schools)
Shighar was a marriage of the pre-Islamic period, in which a man gave his female dependent to another on… - Concept
Shijaj (wounds to the face and head, and their penalties)
Shijaj is the plural of shajja, a wound to the face or the head only. Most jurists count ten or eleven kinds:… - Concept
Shu'um (ill omen) and tatayyur (taking omens)
In language shu'um is ill, and tashaum is expecting ill; the Arabs used to take omens from birds that flew… - Concept
Shubha (doubt that averts a penalty, and avoiding doubtful matters)
In language shubha is likeness. In the technical sense it is what is not certainly known to be lawful or… - Concept
Shudhudh (an irregular view or report, and acting on it)
In language shudhudh is separation from others, and a shadh is one who stands apart or leaves the group. In… - Concept
The Persian months
The Persian year of twelve thirty-day months — Farwardin opening on Nowruz, Mihrmah's sixteenth the Mihragan,… - Concept
Gratitude (shukr)
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons, gratitude is owed for blessings people overlook: general ones such as… - Concept
Shura in Islam
Arslan presents shura as a basic principle of Islamic government in his chapters on the rightly guided… - Concept
Shuru' (commencing an act and its binding effect in worship and contracts)
Shuru' in language is taking up an act and entering it. In law it is made in worship by the act joined to… - Concept
Shu'ubiyya
Shu'ubiyya — the anti-Arab-chauvinist tendency of the first Abbasid era: Ahmad Amin distinguishes three… - Concept
Sidrat al-Muntaha
Draft card for Sidrat al-Muntaha, the lote-tree of the utmost boundary where created knowledge ends, as in… - Concept
Siege (hisar)
Siege (hisar) is hemming in an enemy in a town, castle or fortress, and cutting off entry and exit until he… - Concept
Silm: peace and treaty with the enemy
Silm in the lexicon means reconciliation, and it can also mean Islam; in the technical sense it stays close… - Concept
Fertilizer (simad) and its rulings
Simad is what the land is manured with: material such as earth or animal dung cast at the roots of crops and… - Concept
Simhaq (a head wound reaching the membrane over the skull)
The simhaq is a thin membrane above the skull bone that separates flesh from bone. In the usage of most… - Concept
Sinn (the tooth) and retaliation and compensation for it
In the lexicon sinn is a single tooth, a piece of bone set in the jaw, and the sinn of a thing is any… - Concept
The sirat
The sirat in the creed is the bridge stretched over Jahannam that people cross on the Day of Resurrection;… - Concept
Siyasa (governance under the law, in the Mawsu'a)
In language siyasa is the upkeep of a thing in the way that sets it right. The technical sense has two… - Concept
Siyasa shar'iyya (governance by the public interest)
- Concept
Small groups overcoming large ones by God's leave
Sha'rawi holds that victory is measured not by numbers but by faith and patience. A believing group that… - Concept
Shamm (smelling: its rulings in fasting and pilgrimage, hiring for scent, injury to the sense of smell, and proof of drinking wine)
Shamm is the perception of scents by the nose. It may be obligatory, as when witnesses smell the mouth of a… - Concept
Saboon (soap: made from impure oil, water mixed with soap in purification, and wearing it in the pilgrim state)
Saboon is what clothes are washed with; it is made of fatty acids and alkalis. The jurists differ on soap… - Concept
The social condition of the Arabs before Islam
al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's picture of Jahili society: the high standing of women among the nobility and the… - Concept
Qur'anic factors of social decline
Arjun lists three signs of decline: decay at the top of society, which warns of general corruption; luxury,… - Concept
Qur'anic factors that keep society whole
Arjun names three factors by which God keeps human society from breaking apart: kinship brotherhood rooted in… - Concept
Sources of livelihood
- Concept
Specification of general terms (takhsis)
For most usulis, takhsis is confining a general term to some of what it covers by a proof that shows this;… - Concept
Economic functions of the state
- Concept
Line of business and strategic business unit (LOB and SBU)
The line of business (LOB) is the strategic axis of what the organisation sells, and a strategic business… - Concept
The submission of creation (willing and unwilling)
Sha'rawi holds that all that is in the heavens and the earth has submitted to God, willingly or unwillingly.… - Concept
The cities of Lot's people
Five cities in the Jordan and Palestine country whose chief and seat was Sodom — each king of them surnamed… - Concept
Scrolls of Moses
Draft card for the Scrolls of Moses, the scriptures the Quran names alongside the scrolls of Abraham; their… - Concept
The angels' prostration to Adam
Sha'rawi holds that the prostration to Adam was obedience to God's command and not worship of Adam; that… - Concept
Sultan al-hujja and sultan al-qahr (authority of argument and of compulsion)
Sha'rawi separates two kinds of authority in the context of Satan's whispering: the authority of compulsion,… - Concept
God's sunan among peoples
Rida holds that every nation keeps a remnant of the righteous who stand as God's proof; when they become few,… - Concept
Sunan rawatib (the regular sunnas attached to the obligatory prayers)
Rawatib is the plural of ratiba, a supererogatory prayer kept up regularly; the name comes from the… - Concept
Sunna (the way, the practice of the Prophet, and the legal grades of the recommended)
In language sunna means a way, custom or conduct, praiseworthy or blameworthy, and then came to mean the… - Concept
The law of destruction: punishment of nations
God's punishment of rebellious nations as Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy presents it: wind, the shout, earthquakes and… - Concept
Sunnat Allah (God's pattern in creation and history)
God's patterns in creation and in the condition of nations, as Rashid Rida reads them in his commentary on… - Concept
Market-Place Preemption
In al-Baladhuri: Ali went out to the market, saw its people had seized their places, and said 'that is not… - Concept
The sura
The sura in Qur'anic-sciences usage is the named division of the Qur'an comprising a number of ayat; the… - Concept
Sutrah (prayer screen)
The sutrah in fiqh is the screen a worshipper sets before him to bar passers-by; the Kuwaiti Fiqh… - Concept
Polygyny (ta'addud al-zawjat)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy takes up polygyny through the story of a man who married two wives without knowing what… - Concept
Maximisation of benefit in redistribution
- Concept
Polygyny in Islam
Polygyny in the sharia is the permissibility of a man marrying more than one wife under conditions including… - Concept
Obedience to those in authority and not rebelling (in the Tahawi creed)
al-Tahawi's position: no rebelling against the imams and rulers even if they are unjust, obeying them is part… - Concept
Ta'awwudh (seeking refuge)
Ta'awwudh is seeking refuge with God from Satan before and during recitation; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia… - Concept
Disavowal (tabarri) of the Companions in Twelver Shi'a sources
Twelver Shi'i sources, as the author quotes them, hold that most Companions apostatised after the Prophet,… - Concept
Tabarruk (seeking blessing)
Tabarruk is seeking blessing; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia treats its sanctioned forms — through the basmala… - Concept
Ta'abbudi (rules whose reason is not given: acts of pure obedience)
Ta'abbudi is what the law commands without a reason the servant can grasp, so that obedience alone is the… - Concept
Ta'liya (building above another building)
Ta'liya, from 'uluw (height), is in law raising a building on top of another. An owner may build up on his… - Concept
Ta'arud (conflict between proofs, and how one is preferred)
Ta'arud is the mutual resistance of two proofs; if they can be joined they are joined, otherwise one is… - Concept
Tacbir (expressing one's will: speech, deed, writing, gesture, silence)
Tacbir is expression; the root of expressing will is speech, since consent is hidden in the heart, so the law… - Concept
Ta'jil (doing a thing early: repentance, burial, debt, breaking the fast, the pilgrim's early departure, prayer before its time, zakat and expiations)
Ta'jil is doing a thing before its set time, or at the very beginning of it. It is lawful in several cases:… - Concept
Ta'lil (giving reasons for rulings)
Ta'lil, in the technical sense, is establishing that a cause is effective in order to prove its effect, or… - Concept
Ta'liq (conditional linking of clauses)
Ta'liq links the occurrence of one clause to the occurrence of another, and is called an oath by metaphor. It… - Concept
Ta'mim (generalisation in purification, supplication and alms)
Ta'mim means in language making a thing general and comprehensive, and the jurists use it in this sense. In… - Concept
Ta'rif (making known: the Arafat gathering in towns, the announcement of a found thing, identifying the parties in a claim)
Ta'rif is making known and clear; the usulis use it for a definition that includes and excludes. Among its… - Concept
Ta'shir (marking the tens in a copy of the Qur'an)
Ta'shir means, in language, taking a tenth of property; in the technical sense it means marking the tens in a… - Concept
Ta'yin (specification of an object, intention or term)
Ta'yin (specification) is in language singling out a thing from its like, and in law making a thing distinct… - Concept
Ta'ziya (condolence visit)
Ta'ziya is, in language, the consoling of a mourner, and in law the urging of patience with the promise of… - Concept
Tadhakkur (remembering and its legal effect)
In law, tadhakkur is the recollection that governs the effect of forgetting and inattention on rulings. The… - Concept
Tadhfif (finishing off a wounded person)
Tadhfif is finishing off a wounded person to kill him, and its rule varies with the setting. In war it is… - Concept
Tadlis (concealment of a defect in a contract)
Tadlis is hiding a defect in goods from the buyer. Among the hadith scholars it has two kinds, concealing the… - Concept
Tadmiya (the dying man's word that he was killed)
Tadmiya is the words of a slain man before he dies: my blood is on so-and-so, or so-and-so killed me. It is a… - Concept
Tafarruq al-safqa (partition of a contract)
Partition of the deal (tafarruq al-safqa): the ruling of the contract does not reach the whole of what is… - Concept
Optimism (tafaul)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy holds that Islam rests on optimism, in contrast with the pessimism of the Arabs before… - Concept
Tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis)
Tafsir in Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's course is a reading of Juz' 'Amma that begins with Surat An-Naba' and then… - Concept
Tafsir by opinion (bi'l-ra'y)
Tafsir that rests on opinion alone. Rashid Rida, quoting Ibn Taymiyya, says error comes in two ways: reading… - Concept
Tafwid (delegating the knowledge of the manner of the attributes)
Affirming the words of the attributes in the Qur'an and the Sunna while not inquiring into their manner, and… - Concept
Taghut (every object of wrongful obedience)
Sha'rawi defines taghut as an intensive form of tyranny. Its forms include Satan, clerics who legislate in… - Concept
Organizational change
Organizational change as Tareq al-Suwaidan distils it from leading management scholars: change is planning… - Concept
Ritual purity
Ritual purity in the jurists' terminology is lifting the state of ritual impurity and removing filth with… - Concept
DISC personality analysis
The DISC model (and its British counterpart Thomas) as Tareq al-Suwaidan teaches it: classifying leadership… - Concept
Tahrif (alteration of scripture)
Alteration of earlier scriptures. Rashid Rida reads the verse on the unchangeable words of God as a statement… - Concept
Prohibition as chastisement and correction
Sha'rawi holds that some prohibitions are chastisement and correction, not a sign of harm in the thing… - Concept
Checking and spying (tahassus and tajassus)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy distinguishes tahassus, checking a matter with one's senses, from tajassus, entering… - Concept
Tajwid
Tajwid is the science of articulating the letters from their points of articulation and performing the… - Concept
Takaful and insurance
- Concept
Takfir
Takfir is declaring a Muslim to be an unbeliever; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia devotes a section to the… - Concept
Staying behind from the Tabuk expedition
Ibn Ishaq's classification of those who did not march with the Prophet to Tabuk: bedouin asking to be… - Concept
Takhliya (making a thing available to the taker)
Takhliya is enabling a person to deal with a thing without any obstacle. It is a form of delivery whose… - Concept
Takhyir (choice left to the obligated person)
Takhyir is leaving to the obligated person's choice one of several options fixed by the law. It has its own… - Concept
Obligation within capacity
On the verse that God burdens no soul beyond its capacity, Sha'rawi holds that the rulings fall within… - Concept
Divorce (talaq)
In his commentary on al-Baqara 2:228-232, Sha'rawi reads divorce in stages, once and then twice, as giving… - Concept
Mixing truth with falsehood (talbis al-haqq)
Sha'rawi holds that talbis means putting one thing into another so that the appearance changes, as a garment… - Concept
Women's empowerment — between support and rejection
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on women's empowerment. The youth judged women's public-life participation at 53%… - Concept
The transmigration of souls
The doctrine al-Mas'udi reports from the early Greek and Indian philosophers — Plato among them — that the… - Concept
Declaring God free of likeness in His attributes
Sha'rawi holds that the attributes and acts God reports of Himself are taken as He states them, within the… - Concept
Taqiyya (dissimulation)
Taqiyya — the Shi'i doctrine of protective dissimulation: 'nine-tenths of religion is taqiyya' in… - Concept
Taqlid
Taqlid in usul usage is accepting another's saying without proof; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia gives it a… - Concept
Division of labour
Division of labour as Tareq al-Suwaidan presents it: the principle Adam Smith drew from watching a pin… - Concept
Classifications of the sciences by Hajji Khalifa
In Kashf al-Zunun's fourth fasl Hajji Khalifa gathers the classifiers' schemes: the Allama al-Hafid's… - Concept
Taqwa (God-consciousness)
That the servant sets between himself and what he fears a guard to shield him — his taqwa of his Lord being a… - Concept
Tarada (invoking God's pleasure upon a person)
Tarada is asking for pleasure, that is, the formula of God's pleasure upon someone. Its ruling depends on who… - Concept
Taradi (mutual consent in a contract)
Taradi is the agreement of the two parties to make a contract without compulsion, and it is the basis of… - Concept
Tarahhum (invoking mercy upon the dead and the righteous)
Tarahhum is asking for mercy and invoking it. Jurists recommend it for parents, living or dead, and for the… - Concept
Tarakhi (delay in performing a duty)
Tarakhi is performing an act later than its first possible time, up to the point where it may be lost; its… - Concept
Tarbiya (education and upbringing)
Al-Bari sets out definitions of education by Plato, Aristotle, Pestalozzi, Herbart and Kant, and argues that… - Concept
Tarika (the estate of a deceased person)
The estate is what a deceased person leaves of property and rights; for the Hanafis it is property alone. It… - Concept
Tariqa (Sufi order)
The tariqa in later usage is the organized Sufi path attached to a shaykh and his way; Trimingham surveys the… - Concept
Tarjih (preponderance): choosing the stronger of two conflicting evidences, between two reports and between two analogies
Tarjih in the lexicon is strengthening one of two alike things over the other. The Hanafis define it as… - Concept
Tark (abstention, and its legal effects)
Tark is restraining oneself from an act. For most usulis it is an act, so obligation applies to it; Abu… - Concept
Tartil (measured recitation)
Tartil is the measured, distinct articulation of the recitation; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia treats tartil… - Concept
Taslif (advance payment; loan)
In the lexicon, taslif means advancing something; one says he advanced to him, and that he borrowed from him.… - Concept
Tasamu (testimony by repute and hearsay)
Tasamu is knowledge gained by repeated report or wide repute. Testimony by repute is allowed by agreement in… - Concept
Tasarri (lawful relations with an owned slave woman, and its rules)
Tasarri is a master's lawful relations with a woman he owns, and it is allowed by the Qur'an, the Sunna and… - Concept
Tasarruf (a legal disposition: act or statement by one's will)
A tasarruf is what proceeds from a person by his will and on which the law builds various rulings. It is… - Concept
Tasbil (dedicating a thing's benefit to a good cause, an endowment term)
Tasbil is making a thing a way to a good cause; it is also used for endowment. For the Shafi'is and Hanbalis… - Concept
Tashabbuh (imitating others)
Tashabbuh is taking on the look of another; jurists use the word in its lexical sense. For dress that marks… - Concept
Tashih (correction and validation: of a hadith, a contract, an act of worship, and inheritance shares)
Tashih means removing an error. For the hadith scholars it is ruling a hadith sound once its conditions are… - Concept
Tasir (fixing prices in the market by authority)
Tasir is the ruler's or his deputy's fixing of a price for people, and compelling them to trade at it. The… - Concept
Tasliib (crucifixion as a punishment, and the cross as an object)
Tasliib is the known form of execution by crucifixion, and the cross is the wooden post or its image.… - Concept
Taslim (delivery, handing over, and the greeting of peace)
In the lexicon taslim means delivery, handing over and enabling; for jurists it names the greeting of peace,… - Concept
Tasnim (raising the grave into a ridge, against leveling it)
In the jurists' usage tasnim is raising a grave above the ground by about a span or a little more; its… - Concept
Tasweer (making and keeping images, and the view on living beings)
Tasweer is making an image; a likeness is what matches a thing and reproduces its form, three-dimensional or… - Concept
Taswiya (equality and levelling: rows, bowing, zakat shares, wives, judges, gifts, shuf'a, public places, graves)
Taswiya means justice and fairness in the language; its opposite is injustice. In the jurists' use it means… - Concept
Tatawwu (voluntary acts beyond the obligatory, in worship and in giving)
Tatawwu is giving freely; for the jurists it is what goes beyond the obligatory and the required, and the… - Concept
Implementing the sharia — totality versus stages
The 'Al-Wasatiyya' episode on implementing the sharia — wholesale or in stages. The audience voted the… - Concept
Humility (tawadu')
In Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy's lessons, humility is the first principle of taqwa: a believer does not look down… - Concept
Tawaffi (taking in full, and the taking of souls)
Sha'rawi holds that the root tawaffa basically means taking a thing in full. Death and sleep are two of its… - Concept
Trust in God (tawakkul)
Tawakkul in the forty-ninth hadith of Ibn Rajab's additions is the heart's worship answered with provision:… - Concept
Tawassul
Tawassul is making a means in supplication; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia details its kinds — through God's… - Concept
Tawba (repentance)
The concept around which the story of the three left behind turns: God's acceptance of their repentance after… - Concept
Divine success (tawfiq) and abandonment (khidhlan)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy defines tawfiq (divine success) as God not leaving the servant to himself, and khidhlan… - Concept
Tawhid (the oneness of God)
Affirming that God is one and without partner or likeness; al-Tahawi opens his statement of the creed with… - Concept
Ta'wid (compensation for harm)
Ta'wid is in language a substitute, and in law the payment of a monetary replacement owed for harm done to… - Concept
Ta'widh (amulets and incantations)
Ta'widh is in language from 'udha, to seek refuge, a charm or what one seeks protection by; in law it covers… - Concept
Ta'wil in the Qur'an
What the word ta'wil means in the Qur'an. Rashid Rida says in his introduction that the word became common… - Concept
Securitisation
- Concept
Compulsory levy on wealth (tawzif)
- Concept
Taxation in Islam
Al-Maraghi defines a tax as a monetary duty owed to the state by a member of society, used when other… - Concept
Tayyib (purity and lawfulness)
The attribute of deeds, wealth, words and beliefs that God accepts — tayyib, the pure — as opposed to… - Concept
Tazayyun (adornment, and its rules)
Tazayyun is taking adornment. The rule is recommendation. It is forbidden for a man or woman to imitate the… - Concept
Ta'zir (discretionary punishment)
Ta'zir is, in language, repelling, preventing, aiding, honouring or disciplining; in law it is a penalty not… - Concept
Tazkiya (attestation of witnesses' uprightness)
Tazkiya in judging is attesting that witnesses are just. It is done secretly and openly. The schools differ… - Concept
Tazkiyya
Draft card for tazkiyya, purification and cultivation of the self in Islamic tradition from Qur'anic usage to… - Concept
Tazwij (contracting a marriage, and who may contract it)
Tazwij is a contract that gives a man enjoyment of a woman and makes lawful her enjoyment by him in a lawful… - Concept
Tazwir (forgery and falsification, including false testimony)
Tazwir is making a thing look other than it is, decorating it so that the hearer takes falsehood for truth.… - Concept
Shahada (testimony in law: its meaning, its basis, the duty to give it, and the conditions of the witness)
In legal usage, testimony is a statement by one person of another's right against a third party, in the… - Concept
Tests of religious experience: intellectual and pragmatic
Two criteria that Muhammad Iqbal proposes for weighing the claims of religious experience: an intellectual… - Concept
The Companions' fortunes under Uthman
al-Mas'udi's famous wealth-register: Uthman's own millions and estates, al-Zubayr's multi-city houses and… - Concept
Theories of interest and their critique
- Concept
Three sources of economic support: voluntary aid, obligatory zakat, and the good loan
Sha'rawi holds that Islam built economic life on three things: voluntary aid (rifd), obligatory zakat, and… - Concept
The Thughur (Frontier Marches)
The Thughur — in al-Baladhuri: the Muslims' Syrian marches in Umar's and Uthman's days were Antioch and the… - Concept
Time as an economic resource
- Concept
Tolerance and intolerance: Islam and Europe
A short piece in which Arslan answers a European author on tolerance. He argues that Europeans in the… - Concept
Trade in Islam
Al-Maraghi treats trade as among the widest fields of human activity, tied to farming and craft (p. 30).… - Concept
Long hope (tul al-amal)
Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy says that wasting time comes from long hope, because a person assumes that tomorrow… - Concept
Dust of ores (turab al-maadin)
Dust of ores is what falls from the ore itself without mixing with another substance. Its rulings concern… - Concept
The Twelve Imams (Twelver Shi'a)
Twelver Shi'i doctrine that the imamate passes by explicit designation (nass) of God through the Prophet,… - Concept
Ubna (a desire for a forbidden act)
In the jurists' usage, ubna is a condition in the inner rectum that makes a person desire the forbidden act… - Concept
Excuse (udhr)
Linguistically, udhr is the reason a person offers in his defence; it means lifting blame, and the technical… - Concept
The limb (udw) and its rulings in purity, injury and burial
In the lexicon, udw is any bone surrounded by flesh, of a person or an animal; its root sense is cutting and… - Concept
Aggression (udwan)
Linguistically, udwan means going beyond a limit; in the jurists' usage it mostly refers to an unjust attack… - Concept
Warranty (uhda) in sale and in pre-emption, and the defect
In sale, 'uhda is the seller's guarantee of the price or of the title when the object is claimed by a third… - Concept
Self-admiration (ujb)
Self-admiration is taking pride in one's own deed, knowledge or opinion. Al-Sallabi quotes Ali:… - Concept
Rent, fee or wage (ujra)
Ujra, lexically and in law, is the counterpart of a benefit: what a worker receives for his labour, and what… - Concept
Sister (full, paternal and maternal) in law
A sister is one born to the same mother and father or one of them, and includes full, paternal, maternal and… - Concept
Muslim brotherhood
The brotherhood between Muslims in the thirty-fifth hadith of the Forty: 'be servants of God, brothers — a… - Concept
Conception and its effect on lineage and on a revocable divorce (ulluq)
In the lexicon, ulluq means clinging and lodging, and in the jurists' usage it is the occurrence of… - Concept
Ulu al-amr (those in authority)
Ulu al-amr are those in authority; the phrase in the Qur'an has two views: scholars of the Qur'an and of… - Concept
The 'Umariyya cases of inheritance (the mother's third)
'Umariyya is the name of two cases in the law of inheritance, a husband with both parents or a wife with both… - Concept
Umm (the mother: her rights, status and rulings in fiqh)
Honouring the parents is obligatory for a Muslim, even if they are sinful or unbelievers; the mother takes… - Concept
Umm al-armal (a named inheritance case)
Umm al-armal is one of the named cases in inheritance: two grandmothers, three wives, four uterine sisters,… - Concept
Umm al-furukh (a named inheritance case)
Umm al-furukh is a named case in inheritance with a husband, a mother, two full or paternal sisters, and two… - Concept
Umm al-kitab (the basis of the book; the opening surah)
Umm al-kitab means the basis of a thing. The Qur'an uses it for the firm verses to which one returns in… - Concept
Ummahat al-muminin (the mothers of the believers: the wives of the Prophet)
The mothers of the believers are the women the Prophet married and consummated with, twelve in number; nine… - Concept
Akhbari reports on the settlement of al-Andalus
The akhbaris' legendary succession of al-Andalus's settlers retold by al-Maqqari: the Andalush who named the… - Concept
Ummi (unlettered, and the prayer of one who cannot recite)
Ummi is one who is attributed to his mother, and it is used for one who can neither read nor write, since… - Concept
The life-grant (umra): a gift of a thing for the lifetime of a person
In the lexicon, umra is what a man is given for the length of his life, or the lifetime of the grantor. For… - Concept
The lesser pilgrimage (umra): its forms, pillars, obligations and invalidation
In the lexicon, 'umra is a visit; as a term most jurists define it as circling the House and running between… - Concept
Generality (umum) in the sources of law and what it covers
In the lexicon, 'umum is the act of covering and including, from 'amma, to cover. Some usulis define it as… - Concept
General affliction ('umum al-balwa) and the rulings built on it
General affliction is a situation or event that touches many people and cannot easily be avoided; some… - Concept
The generality of the implied (umum al-muqtada) in the usage of texts
'Umum al-muqtada is the implied meaning that the truth or soundness of a speech requires, though it is not… - Concept
Unity of the Muslim community
Ahmad Umar Hashim holds that unity is the basis of every good in this world and the next, and division the… - Concept
Unutha (femininity; the honour of the female in Islam, her rights and duties, and the rules that apply to her)
Unutha is the opposite of masculinity; the female is the opposite of the male, known by bodily signs such as… - Concept
Upkeep and building of property and mosques (imara, not the emirate)
In the lexicon, imara is what a thing is made to flourish by, and it also means building. As a term it is the… - Concept
Sterility (uqm) and its effect on marriage
In the lexicon, uqm is a dryness that prevents conception; a woman who cannot conceive is barren, and the… - Concept
Dower for intercourse without a valid contract (uqr)
In the lexicon, uqr is the dower, especially the dower given to a woman forced or taken as a slave-woman; it… - Concept
Punishment (uquba): fixed, retaliatory and discretionary
In the lexicon, uquba is a penalty, a noun from 'iqab; as a term it is the penalty fixed for a wrong, or what… - Concept
Contracts (al-'uqud)
Fulfilling contracts, as Rashid Rida presents it in his commentary on the opening of Surat al-Ma'ida. He… - Concept
Custom (urf) as a source of rulings
In the lexicon, urf is what the soul knows of good and is at ease with; it is the opposite of nukr. As a… - Concept
Goods of trade (urud) and zakat on them
In the lexicon, urud is the plural of ard, and one sense of ard is goods. Abu Ubayd defined urud as… - Concept
The naked person and the rules of bathing, prayer and tawaf (uryan)
In the lexicon, a naked person (uryan) is one stripped of clothing, the opposite of dressing, and the… - Concept
Consummation required for a return to a divorced wife (usayla)
In the lexicon, usayla means a drop of semen, a man's water, or the sweetness of intercourse; the term is a… - Concept
Tithe on the trade of non-Muslims (ushr)
In the lexicon, ushr is a tenth. As a technical term it is either the tithe on trade and sales or the tithe… - Concept
Ushri (tithe-land status)
A land status whose holders pay the tithe, not kharaj; in al-Baladhuri the Taff spring-lands the Arabs… - Concept
Usul al-Din (fundamentals of the religion)
Usul al-din is the term for what Muslims believe and hold as religion before their Lord; commentators on the… - Concept
The eight principles of education in the Qur'an and Sunna
Al-Bari draws eight principles of education from the Qur'an and the Sunna: freedom of the servant from… - Concept
The utum (tower-fortresses) of Yathrib
An utm is a high fortified tower; pre-Hijra Yathrib was a town of separate towers rather than contiguous… - Concept
Withdrawal from people (uzla)
In the lexicon, uzla is a noun from i'tizal, avoiding a thing with the body or the heart; as a technical term… - Concept
Sihha (validity in law: what makes an act valid, its difference from ijza' and from void acts, the effect of health on duties, and the rules of sound hadith)
In the principles of law validity is one of the kinds of legal rulings: the act's agreement with the law. For… - Concept
Values of the Islamic economy
- Concept
The vision of God as the highest bliss
Sha'rawi holds that the highest bliss of the Hereafter is God's good pleasure and the vision of Him. The… - Concept
Voluntary charity (sadaqa al-tatawwu': its kinds, who gives and who receives, the property given, intention, secrecy, and withdrawal)
In the law, charity (sadaqa) is a transfer of ownership without return, sought for the reward of the… - Concept
Fabrication of hadith (wad' al-hadith)
- Concept
Wa'd (promise, fiqh)
Wa'd, lexically, is used for good and for evil; 'idda is the promise. Technically it is the statement that a… - Concept
Wad' al-yad (possession and the hand, fiqh)
Wad' al-yad (literally, placing the hand) means leaving or dropping, as in the phrase that one dropped… - Concept
God's promise (wa'd Allah)
God's promise as Sheikh Omar Abdelkafy presents it in the tenth lesson of 'Al Fawzu Al Moubeen': God is truer… - Concept
Wadi (the thick white fluid after urine: its purity, ablution and bath)
Wadi in the lexical sense is the thick white fluid that comes after urine or on lifting a heavy weight; it… - Concept
Wadi'a (loss-sale, loss, remission)
Wadi'a, in lexical use, means loss, the tax the ruler takes from the land and the tithes, a reduction, and it… - Concept
Wadi'a (deposit)
The deposit (wadi'a) is property placed with another to keep; the Hanbalis add: without return. Making… - Concept
Wadima (funeral food)
Wadima, lexically, is the food of a funeral gathering, the food made at a calamity, gathered pasture, and a… - Concept
Wafa' (fulfilment, fiqh)
Wafa', lexically, is the opposite of betrayal: completion, discharge, and bringing a thing to full measure;… - Concept
Common origin of the message of the prophets
Wajdi holds that Islam, in its social and creedal foundations, is not a new religion but the one revealed to… - Concept
Wahy (revelation)
Wahy in Islamic conception is God's speech sent down to His messengers; 'we bear witness that the Qur'an is… - Concept
Waiver of the dower
On the phrase 'or the one in whose hand is the marriage knot,' Sha'rawi holds that the dower is the woman's… - Concept
The heart's trembling at the remembrance of God (wajal)
Rida glosses wajal in the Anfal verse as a felt apprehension of the heart, which may come from fear of an… - Concept
Wajh (the face: washing in ablution, tayammum, covering and looking, and the face in supplication)
Wajh in the lexical sense comes from confronting; it is the front of anything, and in a person it runs from… - Concept
Wajib (the obligatory: kinds, grades and how it is discharged)
The obligatory (wajib) in the technical sense is, for the Hanafis, what is required by evidence that admits… - Concept
Wakala (agency, fiqh)
Wakala, with its vowel variants, means in the language protection, as in the Divine name al-Wakil meaning the… - Concept
Wakira (feast on finishing a house, fiqh)
The wakira is, in the language, from wakr, a bird's nest; a wakira is a meal that a man makes when he… - Concept
Wala' (clientage, fiqh)
Wala', in the language, comes from wali, a root meaning nearness; the word is used for nearness of place, of… - Concept
Child of li'an (walad al-li'an, fiqh)
The child of li'an is the child whose lineage the husband denied after mutual cursing with his wife. Through… - Concept
Child of fornication (walad al-zina, fiqh)
The child of fornication is the child a mother bears out of unlawful intercourse, not marriage. His lineage… - Concept
Walad (child, fiqh)
Walad (a child) in the language is one born; it is used for one or many, for a small or a grown child, and… - Concept
The wali (friend of God)
The wali in the creed is one of the friends of the Merciful; the Tahawiyya affirms 'all the believers are… - Concept
Walima (wedding feast, fiqh)
Walima, from walm (gathering), is the feast of a wedding or betrothal, and technically any food made for a… - Concept
Stopping the genealogy at Ma'add
The Prophet's ban on pressing the lineage beyond Ma'add — a stop imposed by the span of time and the quarrel… - Concept
Waqf (endowment, fiqh)
Waqf, lexically, is detention: to hold back a thing in God's way; it also means prevention and stillness, and… - Concept
Waqt (time, fiqh)
Waqt, lexically, is a fixed measure of time set for a matter, or the end of the time fixed for an act, as in… - Concept
Wara' (scrupulosity)
Stopping at doubtful matters, guarding against them, and leaving what causes unease for what does not; this… - Concept
Wasat (the middle, moderation, the choice)
Wasat in the jurists' usage has three senses: the moderate, the choice, and what lies between two ends. The… - Concept
Wasf (description and attribute)
Wasf in the lexicon is description, and to describe a thing is to name it; a doctor describes a medicine when… - Concept
Washm (tattooing)
In the lexicon washm is a mark, and the word is also used for the first green growth of a plant and for a… - Concept
Wasi (executor)
In the lexicon wasi is a noun of the passive form, one to whom a matter is entrusted; the word is also used… - Concept
Wasiyya (bequest, fiqh)
In the lexicon wasiyya comes from joining one thing to another and can also name the thing bequeathed.… - Concept
Joining the Red Sea to the Mediterranean
The ancient canal-joining dossier: a Roman king's failed cut between Qulzum and the Mediterranean at the… - Concept
Wasl al-sha'r (hair extensions: the ruling on joining hair)
A wasila is a woman who joins her hair to another's, and a mustawsila is one for whom this is done at her… - Concept
Wasm (branding)
Wasm (branding) in the lexicon is the mark left by a burn. Branding animals is lawful, and the Shafi'is and… - Concept
Waswasa (whispering doubts and scrupulosity)
Waswasa and wiswas in the lexicon mean a faint sound. In jurists' usage it has four senses: the passing… - Concept
Wat' (intercourse, fiqh)
Wat', lexically, is standing over a thing; it is also used for intercourse, the insertion of a male member… - Concept
Watan (homeland, fiqh)
Watan, lexically, is a dwelling or the place where a person stays and settles; the folds of sheep, cattle and… - Concept
Wathiqa (documentary security for a right: witness, writing, pledge and surety)
Wathiqa in the lexical sense is the making firm of a matter; technically it is what is taken to secure a… - Concept
Wa'z (admonition, fiqh)
Admonition (wa'z), lexically, is a rebuke joined with fear, and includes advice and reminding of… - Concept
Wazifa (office, stipend, fixed duty)
Wazifa, lexically, is what is fixed of food, sustenance or work for a given time; it is also used for the… - Concept
Wazni (weighed goods)
The lexical sense of wazni is what is measured by the balance, and kayli is what is measured by volume; both… - Concept
Wealth in Islam
Al-Bahi holds that wealth is necessary to human life and that the drive to acquire it is innate, so banning… - Concept
Wearing a ring
Wearing a ring means putting a ring on a finger. Jurists examine it by the metal of the ring, where it is… - Concept
The ill-omened Wednesday
The Arabs' aversion to Wednesday traced by al-Mas'udi to the barren wind that reached 'Ad on a Wednesday and… - Concept
Year-long residence of a widow as a bequest
In his commentary on verse 240, Sha'rawi distinguishes two rulings: four months and ten days, which is… - Concept
Friendship with God (wilaya)
Friendship with God in the thirty-eighth sacred hadith of the Forty: 'whoever is hostile to a friend of Mine,… - Concept
Wilaya over property (fiqh)
Authority over property (al-wilaya 'ala al-mal) is, in the jurists' usage, the capacity under the law to… - Concept
Wilaya over the person (fiqh)
Authority over the person is the power to supervise matters that concern the ward's own person. Its kinds are… - Concept
Wilaya (authority and guardianship, fiqh)
Wilaya, with a kasra, in the language comes from the root wali, nearness; he is near to him, and one who… - Concept
Wilayat al-'ahd (designation of a successor, fiqh)
The designation of a successor (wilayat al-'ahd) in the technical sense is the imam's appointment, during his… - Concept
God's guardianship of the believers
Sha'rawi holds that God's guardianship of believers begins with setting out the proofs before faith,… - Concept
Wird (litanies and daily devotional portions)
Wird (plural awrad) is, in the lexicon, a fixed portion of recitation or other practice; in the technical… - Concept
Wirk (the hip; tawarruk and retaliation)
Wirk (hip) in the lexicon is the joint between the thigh and the leg; a person has two, above the thighs, and… - Concept
Wisal (continuous fasting)
In fasting, wisal means, for most jurists, fasting two or more days with no break between them. Some Shafi'is… - Concept
Wisaya (executorship)
In the lexicon wisaya means to commission someone to act after one's death; one can say he bequeathed… - Concept
the vizierate
The title 'wazir' first fell in the Abbasid state on Abu Salama — 'wazir of the House of Muhammad' as Abu… - Concept
Wizara (vizierate and the minister's office)
Wizara (vizierate) in the lexicon derives from burden, support or refuge, and is a kind of authority: the… - Concept
Work in Islam
Al-Maraghi holds work to be a duty, shown by the rules of Islam and the conduct of prophets and the righteous… - Concept
Sakk (the written instrument of a deal or claim: the duty to write it, the fee for writing, a judge relying on his own hand, testimony on a document, and documents accepted by custom)
A sakk is the written instrument in which dealings, acknowledgements and the facts of a claim are recorded.… - Concept
Wudu' (ablution, fiqh)
Wudu' (from wada'a, to be fair and clean) is the act, and the water used for it, in the lexical sense. The… - Concept
Duty of the Hajj: immediate or deferrable
The jurists' dispute over when the pilgrimage becomes due for one who is able. Rashid Rida reports that many… - Concept
Wujub (obligation as a state of the duty-bearer, and the difference from performance)
Wujub in the lexical sense is affirmation and binding, a falling to the ground, and death; for the jurists it… - Concept
Wulugh (a dog lapping from a vessel, fiqh)
Wulugh is the lapping of a beast of prey with its tongue; the word is used of a dog lapping from a vessel.… - Concept
Yad (hand, fiqh)
Yad is the hand from the shoulder to the fingertips; its lexical senses include blessing, power and… - Concept
Yalamlam (miqat of Yemen, fiqh)
Yalamlam is a mountain of Tihama south of Mecca and the miqat of the people of Yemen, fixed by a text; the… - Concept
Yamin (the right side and the right hand, fiqh)
In lexicon yamin is the right side or limb, the opposite of yasar, and it also names the oath because men… - Concept
Yaqin (certainty, fiqh)
Yaqin is certainty: in lexicon knowledge and the removal of doubt, in fiqh the heart's firm conviction that a… - Concept
Yas (despair, fiqh)
Yas is despair, the cutting of hope; technically it is the end of hope. Its rulings: despair of God's mercy… - Concept
Yasar (means and ease, fiqh)
Yasar is wealth and ease, its opposite being hardship; it also names the left side. Its rulings in fiqh cover… - Concept
Yasir (slight or easy, fiqh)
Yasir is easy or slight in lexicon; in fiqh it names the small amount that does not change a ruling. A slight… - Concept
Orphan (yatim, fiqh)
The orphan, in law, is one whose father has died while still below puberty. The rulings cover kindness to… - Concept
The Day of Resurrection (Yawm al-Qiyama)
The Day of Resurrection in Sunni creed: belief in the raising, the requital of deeds, the presentation, the… - Concept
Yawm (the day, fiqh)
Yawm is lexically a stretch of time from sunrise to sunset, and in the jurists' usage the span from the… - Concept
Zajr and iyafa (augury)
Augury — the zajr of birds, tafa'ul and tatayyur, the sanih and barih: counted among the Arabs' specialities,… - Concept
Zakat (alms tax)
Jurists define zakat as the transfer of a prescribed portion of a prescribed property to a prescribed… - Concept
Zandaqa (heresy)
Zandaqa — the accusation of freethinking/heresy that ran through the first Abbasid era, levelled truly and… - Concept
Zina
Zina in juristic usage is among the fixed hudud penalties; the Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia's 'hadd al-zina'… - Concept
Renunciation (zuhd)
Zuhd of a thing means turning away from it out of contempt for it and rising above it; in Ibn Rajab's… - Concept
Injustice (zulm)
Injustice (zulm) for many scholars is placing things outside their place; others defined it as disposing of… - Concept
Zuyuf and the Cutting of Dirhams
The zuyuf were Ajam-struck dirhams, adulterated — Ibn Mas'ud ordered them broken and sold his own baqiyya at… - Event
Ali appoints the sons of al-Abbas and Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as governors
between 656 and 661 CEAli gave the provinces to several sons of his cousin al-Abbas: Abdallah in Basra, Ubaydallah in Yemen and… - Event
Ali burns people in Kufa who claimed he was God
between 656 and 661 CEAli was told that people at the mosque door called him their lord; he said he was only a servant like them,… - Event
Ali declines to keep Muawiya in office
35 AHAfter the pledge of allegiance, al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba advised keeping Muawiya in Syria for a while and Ibn… - Event
Ali's equal distribution of the fay and the treasury
between 656 and 661 CEAli distributed incoming money equally among the people after setting aside what public needs required, and… - Event
Ali's first sermon after the pledge
c. 656 CE · c. 35 AH† - Event
Ali carries out the drinking penalty on al-Walid ibn Uqba
between 644 and 656 CE - Event
Ali flogs the poet al-Najashi al-Harithi for drinking wine in Ramadan
between 656 and 661 CEAl-Najashi al-Harithi, a poet, drank wine in Ramadan; Ali flogged him eighty lashes and jailed him, then… - Event
Ali frees two men who each confessed to one killing and pays the diya from the treasury
between 656 and 661 CETwo men each confessed to the same killing before Ali. Hasan's ruling was that the one who had killed had… - Event
Ali's rulings on the apostate and the zindiq, and the ways he killed them
between 656 and 661 CEAli is reported to have said the apostate is asked to repent three times and then killed; the book gives two… - Event
Ali's judgment: Shurahah flogged and stoned after confessing zina
between 656 and 661 CEShurahah confessed to zina while pregnant; Ali flogged her a hundred lashes on Thursday and stoned her on… - Event
Ali's oversight of his governors: inspectors, complaints and discipline
between 656 and 661 CEAli followed his governors through inspectors who questioned people about them, secret reports, an open door… - Event
Ali empties the treasury and prays in it
between 656 and 661 CEAli was told the treasury of the Muslims was full of gold and silver; he went, leaning on the informant, gave… - Event
Ali refuses to lead prayer while the caliph is besieged
35 AHWhen the rebels surrounded Uthman in his house, people asked Ali to lead the prayer; he refused, saying he… - Event
كلمة الأزهر في مجلس الأمن عن استراتيجيته في مواجهة الفكر المتطرف
11 May 2016 CE · 4 Sha'ban 1437 AH†Muhyi al-Din Afifi Ahmad, speaking for al-Azhar, addressed the UN Security Council in New York on al-Azhar's… - Event
The birth, naming and aqiqa of Hasan ibn Ali
c. March 625 CE · c. Ramadan 3 AHAl-Sallabi gives Hasan's birth as the middle of Ramadan in the third year after the Hijra, notes other… - Event
Fatima and Ali ask for a servant and are taught the tasbih
between 2 and 11 CEAli and Fatima complained of the work of grinding and asked the Prophet for a servant from the captives; he… - Event
Fatima's claim to the Prophet's inheritance and Fadak
between 632 and 634 CE · 11 AHAfter the Prophet's death Fatima and al-Abbas asked Abu Bakr for their share of the Prophet's estate, the… - Event
The forged letter attributed to Uthman
between 655 and 656 CE - Event
The hadith of the cloak and the verse of purification of the household
between 1 and 11 CEAisha's report of the cloak gathering Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn is cited by al-Sallabi as the context of… - Event
Reported advice to Ali by Ibn Abbas and al-Mughira on keeping or removing Uthman's governors
656 CE · 35 AH†The book sets out reports that give Ibn Abbas and al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba opposing counsel to Ali after his… - Event
Ali ibn Abi Talib accepts Islam as a boy
between 610 and 622 CEAli grew up in the Prophet's household after a famine led the Prophet and al-Abbas to take charge of his… - Event
Muawiya's demand that the killers of Uthman be surrendered
between 656 and 660 CE - Event
The Prophet presents himself to the tribe of Shayban
between 610 and 622 CEBefore the Hijra, the Prophet was commanded to present himself to the Arab tribes. With Ali and Abu Bakr he… - Event
The Prophet forbids Ali to take Abu Jahl's daughter alongside Fatima
between 2 and 11 CEAli wished to take Abu Jahl's daughter besides Fatima; the Prophet addressed the people from the pulpit and… - Event
The Prophet's request for a writing in his last illness
4 June 632 CE · 8 Rabi' I 11 AHIn his last illness the Prophet asked for a writing that would keep the community from error; those present… - Event
Umar adopts the Hijra as the starting point of the calendar
between 634 and 644 CE · 13 AHUmar gathered the Companions to fix a settled date for administering the young state. Ali said the calendar… - Event
Umar judges the dispute of al-Abbas and Ali over the Prophet's property
between 634 and 644 CE - Event
Uthman's settlement with the provincial delegations at Dhu al-Marwa
between 655 and 656 CE - Event
The verse preferring jihad to watering the pilgrims and tending the Sacred Mosque
between 620 and 629 CEA man said he would do no deed after Islam but tend the Sacred Mosque; Ali answered that jihad is better than… - Event
The verse of private consultation: charity before speaking privately with the Prophet
between 620 and 629 CEAli reports that the Prophet told him to order people to give charity before they consulted him privately; he… - Group
Ikhwan al-Safa (Brethren of Purity)
Ikhwan al-Safa was a literary-philosophical circle in fourth-century Basra, authors of the fifty-one Epistles… - Group
The Ja'fari school
The Ja'fari school is the Twelver school of fiqh traced to Ja'far al-Sadiq; the heresiographies treat it… - Group
Kaysaniyya
Draft card for the Kaysaniyya, the early Shi'i sect that held to the imamate of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah… - Group
Khalwatiyya order
Draft card for the Khalwatiyya, the Sufi order widespread in Anatolia and the Balkans tracing its chain to… - Group
Nurbakhshiyya
Draft card for the Nurbakhshiyya, the Sufi order founded by Muhammad Nurbakhsh in the fifteenth century that… - Group
Qalandariyya
Draft card for the Qalandariyya, the wandering dervish movement noted for shaved faces and itinerancy across… - Group
Rifa'iyya order
Draft card for the Rifa'iyya, the Sufi order ascribed to Ahmad al-Rifa'i of the Bata'ih marshes, known for… - Group
Suhrawardiyya
Draft card for the Suhrawardiyya, the Sufi order named for Shihab al-Din Umar al-Suhrawardi, author of… - Person
Abd Allah ibn Saba
A man the sources tie to the Jews of Sana'a, called Ibn al-Sawda, who in the last years of Uthman's caliphate… - Person
Francis Bacon
1561 CE · 968 AH†English thinker (1561–1626 as printed in the book) whose New Organon proposed the inductive, experimental… - Person
René Descartes
1596 CE · 1004 AH†French philosopher and mathematician (1596–1650 as printed in the book), presented in al-Azhar's history of… - Work
Al-Athar al-'Ulwiyya (The Meteorology)
The title the Arabs used for Aristotle's Meteorology, and also for the Meteorology of Theophrastus. Yuhanna… - Work
al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala (The Algebra of al-Khwarizmi)
al-Khwarizmi's treatise on al-jabr and al-muqabala. The editors of the 1939 Cairo edition place it first… - Work
al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya (digital copy)
A fiqh encyclopedia arranged by topic, starting with the worship chapters (purity, prayer, funerals, zakat,… - Work
al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya al-Kuwaitiyya (Kuwaiti Fiqh Encyclopedia)
A modern fiqh encyclopedia issued by the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs in Kuwait. Its headwords are… - Work
Al-Mubdi'un (programme)
Tareq al-Suwaidan's programme 'Al-Mubdi'un': the lives of great figures of Islamic civilisation presented not… - Work
al-Zij al-Sabi (The Sabian Zij)
An astronomical handbook by al-Battani on computing star positions and the zodiac. It opens with the… - Work
Alpamish (Turkic epic of Central Asia)
Alpamish, one of the most famous Turkic epics of Central Asia. The Uzbek hero of the Kungrat tribe seeks his… - Work
Elements of Astronomy (Jawami' 'ilm al-nujum)
al-Farghani's treatise on astronomy, printed by Golius as the Elementa astronomica. Its thirty chapters run… - Work
Kitab al-Manazir (The Book of Optics)
Ibn al-Haytham's principal optical work. It studies light in three states (rectilinear propagation,… - Work
Maʿalim al-Qurba fi Ahkam al-Hisba (Duties of the Market Inspector)
A treatise on hisba by Ibn al-Ukhuwwa, written to help the market inspector in his duties: supervising… - Work
The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
A book by Muhammad Iqbal in a preface and seven lectures, in which he tries to reconstruct Muslim religious… - Work
Risalat al-Tawhid (The Treatise on the Oneness of God)
A treatise on the science of Tawhid by Muhammad Abduh, with an introduction by Muhammad Imara in the Dar…