Sawafi (the crown lands of the Sawad)

الصوافي

Sawafi in al-Baladhuri is what Umar set apart from the Sawad's land for the Muslims — neither left in its holders' hands nor laid under the customary kharaj: Abd al-Malik ibn Abi Hurra counts ten heads from his father — land of those killed in the war, of those who fled, all Khusraw's land and all his family's, every water-sink, every monastery of Yazid, every safiyya Khusraw had appropriated, and the Jalandima land — reaching seven million dirhams' revenue and remaining so until the Jamajim in al-Hajjaj's days, when the register burned and each people took what adjoined them; from these Uthman made Iraq's first land-grants, as Musa ibn Talha says.

Depth

At a glance

Era
The Rashidun Caliphate
Region
Levant & Iraq
Review
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Conquest and its debates

Overview

Sawafi in al-Baladhuri are the lands of al-Sawad that Umar ibn al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him) set aside for the Muslims, without leaving them in the hands of their people and without imposing on them the usual land tax. 1

What was counted among them

Ibn Abi Hurra, from his father, counted ten kinds: the land of those killed in war; the land of those who fled; every land of Khusraw; every land of his household; every place where water collects; every monastery that is increased; every plot Khusraw chose for himself; and the land of the exiles. 1

Their fate

Its sawafi reached seven million dirhams, and remained so until the skulls fell in the days of al-Hajjaj, when the register was burned and each people took what was next to them. From them 'Uthman ibn Affan (may God be pleased with him) cut out the first allotments of Iraq, as Musa ibn Talha says. 1

A further source is needed: the figures and details here come from al-Baladhuri's account alone.

Connections

Explore the connections

Based on
Umar's Appropriation of the Sawafi

People and things also explored

Umar ibn al-Khattab· Umar's Appropriation of the Sawafi· Conquest by force (anwa)· Conquest by treaty (sulh)· Fay' (property restored without battle)· Iqta' (land grant)· Jizya (capitation on treaty peoples)· Kharaj (land tax)

Sources

  1. Futuh al-Buldan — al-Baladhuri (Mu'assasat al-Ma'arif edition) , p.380
Cite this page

islam.museum contributors. “Sawafi (the crown lands of the Sawad)”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/concept/sawafi/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-10-16.

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Related

Umar ibn al-Khattab

Second caliph (634–644); under his rule the early community conquered Syria, Egypt and much of the Sasanian Empire. Remembered in Sunni tradition as al-Faruq, the model of just rule. ومن مناقبه في الصحيح القصر الذي رآه له النبي في الجنة فأخلى النظر إليه حياءً لغيرته ، ولبن الرؤيا الذي أوله النبي بالعلم فناوله إياه. ويروي هو صعوده إلى مشربة النبي حين اعتزل أزواجه فرأى أثر الحصير في جنبه فبكى فقال له «أما ترضى أن تكون لهم الدنيا ولنا الآخرة». ورأى حلة سيراء عند باب المسجد فعرضها على النبي ليلبسها يوم الجمعة وللوفد فقال «إنما يلبسها من لا خلاق له في الآخرة» ثم أهداها إليه بعد فكساها أخاً له مشركاً بمكة.