Consideration (iwad) in contracts, marriage, injury and damage

العِوَض

In the lexicon, iwad is a substitute, what is given in return for a thing; it is also used of the reward in the hereafter ¹. The jurists require that the consideration be paid in exchange contracts: the hirer and the lessor, the husband's dower, the one who destroys a thing must return its like or its value, and the killer owes the blood-money ^{1 2 3}. Some things cannot be a consideration, such as blood, carrion and wine, and making a woman's intimacy the dower in a shighar exchange ^{2 4}. Considerations are either financial or not, and in exchange contracts they must be known and fixed to end disputes; the law fixes some, such as the blood-money, the ransom and the expiations ^{4 5 6 7}. A consideration lapses when the object perishes, by release of a debt, by pardon, or by conversion to Islam in the case of the poll-tax ^{8 9}.