Fortune-telling by the 'arraf' (irafa)

العِرَافَة

Irafa has two senses. The first is the trade of the 'arraf', who claims to know hidden matters by means of premises and signs, such as who stole an object or where a lost animal is. The second is the verbal noun of managing a people's affairs and governing them 1. In the juristic sense, irafa is forbidden: whoever goes to a soothsayer (kahin) or an 'arraf' and believes what he says has disbelieved, and whoever only asks without believing him has his prayer withheld for forty nights 2 3. The 'arraf' reports on past hidden matters, the kahin on past and future ones; kihana, sorcery and astrology are related terms 2.

Depth

At a glance

Era
The Prophetic Era
Region
Global / Diaspora
Review
Draft Completeness 1/5 · Help complete it

Development of law, theology and institutions

Summary

Irafa has two senses: the trade of the 'arraf', who claims to know hidden matters from premises and signs, such as who stole an object or where a lost animal is; and the verbal noun of managing a people's affairs 1.

Related terms

Kihana is reporting unseen future events; tanjim is reading the heavens to infer events; sihr is practising hidden arts. The 'arraf reports on the past, the kahin on past and future 2.

General ruling

Irafa is forbidden. Whoever goes to a kahin or an 'arraf and believes what he says has disbelieved, because he has associated another with God in knowledge of the unseen. Whoever only asks without believing is denied the reward of his prayer for forty nights 2 3.

Where it is discussed

Sorcery and soothsaying are treated in their own entries; the second sense of irafa is covered under the entry on imara 3.

People and things also explored

Biting and the liability for injury it causes (add)· Justice and uprightness (adl)· Contagion (adwa)· Pardon (afw) in purity, worship, contracts and penalties· Covenant (ahd) and the duty to keep it; oath by the covenant of God· Term, deadline (ajal)· Hired worker (ajir)· Stranger, outsider (ajnabi)

Sources

  1. al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya al-Kuwaitiyya, Noor-Book copy (file named v3) , p.11539
  2. al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya al-Kuwaitiyya, Noor-Book copy (file named v3) , p.11540
  3. al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya al-Kuwaitiyya, Noor-Book copy (file named v3) , p.11541
Cite this page

islam.museum contributors. “Fortune-telling by the 'arraf' (irafa)”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/concept/irafa/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-10-23.

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Ideas

Beliefs, concepts, sciences and schools, explained in plain words.
Related

Biting and the liability for injury it causes (add)

In the lexicon, add is gripping a thing with the teeth and holding it. If a person bites another without right and a wound results, the biter must pay the damages for the wound, assessed as a just award by experts. If one man bites another's hand and the bitten man pulls it free so that the biter's front teeth fall out, most jurists hold that there is no liability, relying on a prophetic judgement in such a case; the Shafi'is limit this to a bitten man who chose the easiest means of release, and the preferred Maliki view requires compensation.