Halal (the lawful)

الحلال

Halal is lexically the opposite of haram, and technically what the law permits; for the majority it covers recommended, permitted and disliked acts, and for the Hanafis also obligatory acts. ¹ The Hanafis count as disliked-but-lawful what is nearer the lawful, and as forbidden-leaning dislike what is nearer the forbidden or proved forbidden by a probable proof. ¹ On silent matters the majority of Hanafis and Shafiis hold the default is permission, some Hanafis suspend judgement, and some traditionists hold the default is prohibition. ^{1 2} The majority argue from the Quranic creation of all that is on earth for mankind and from the saying that what the law leaves silent is pardoned. ² Where the lawful and unlawful mix, the unlawful prevails, a rule the Shafiis limit to permitted acts and the Hanafis extend to obligatory acts; the rationale is to minimise changes to the rulings. ³ Exceptions include the bird that dies after being shot and falls. ³ Lawfulness arises from an intrinsic cause, such as using grain, or an extrinsic cause, such as a valid sale, lease or gift; lawful property has degrees according to how free it is of doubt. ⁴