Irdaf (riding behind another)

Irdaf is the verbal noun of ardafa, to make someone ride behind oneself, and the jurists use it in the same sense. ¹ A man may carry a man, and a woman a woman, if it does not lead to harm or the stirring of desire; the Prophet ﷺ carried al-Fadl ibn al-Abbas (may God be pleased with him) behind him, and carried his wife Safiyya behind him, so a man may carry his wife and a woman her husband. A man may carry an unlawful female kinswoman when desire is safe. A man carrying a non-mahram woman, or a woman carrying a non-mahram man, is forbidden to block the means to what is unlawful. ¹ If a man hires a mount to ride and makes another ride behind him without the owner's permission, and the animal perishes because of the pillion, he is liable for half its value according to the Hanafis, a view also held by some Hanbalis; the Malikis and Shafi'is hold him liable for all of it, which is the preferred Hanbali view. ²