Battles
Family: War, peace and the conduct of conflict · 204 entries
Entries on this theme
Person
Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
c. 560 CELeader of Mecca through the years of open war against the Muslims — commander at Uhud and the Trench — who submitted at the conquest of Mecca and ended his life a Muslim; father of the first Umayyad caliph.Utba ibn Rabi'a
c. 565 CEAn elder of Banu Abd Shams who argued for a negotiated settlement with Muhammad — and is remembered dying at Badr, father of Hind bint Utba.Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib
c. 568 CEAn uncle of the Prophet who became one of the fiercest early defenders of Islam; killed at Uhud and remembered in tradition as the Master of the Martyrs.Abu Jahl (Amr ibn Hisham)
c. 570 CEThe most implacable leader of Meccan opposition to Muhammad: organizer of the boycott of Banu Hashim, persecutor of the weak converts, and the Quraysh commander killed at Badr.Umayya ibn Khalaf
c. 570 CEA headman of the clan of Jumah remembered above all as the owner who tortured Bilal — one of the named persecutors of the weak converts, killed at Badr.Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt
c. 570 CEA Qurashi of Banu Abd Shams among the documented harassers of the Prophet in Mecca; captured at Badr, he was one of the two captives executed on the march home — a fact the sources record soberly. وفي صحيح البخاري أن ابن عمرو شاهده وقد جاء إلى النبي وهو يصلي فوضع رداءه في عنقه فخنقه خنقاً شديداً حتى جاء أبو بكر فدفعه عنه «أتقتلون رجلاً أن يقول ربي الله».al-Nadr ibn al-Harith
c. 575 CEA Qurashi who had traveled to al-Hira and returned with Persian tales of kings and heroes, offering them against the Prophet's recitation — captured at Badr and executed on the march home.Hind bint Utba
c. 575 CEDaughter of the Meccan elder Utba ibn Rabi'a and wife of Abu Sufyan: the sira's most vivid figure of Meccan defiance at Uhud, who converted with the conquest of Mecca; mother of the caliph Mu'awiya.Malik ibn Awf al-Nasri
c. 580 CEThe young commander of Hawazin who fielded the tribal confederation against the Muslims at Hunayn — and within weeks accepted Islam, reconciled with the Prophet at al-Ji'rana, and led his people back to their faith and their property.Musaylima
c. 580 CEChief and religious claimant of Banu Hanifa in Yamama who preached a parallel prophecy to Muhammad's and exchanged letters with him — killed at Yamama in the bloodiest battle of the Ridda wars.Zayd ibn Haritha
c. 580 (approx.) CEA freedman of the Prophet, once adopted by him, who became one of the earliest Muslims and commanded the expedition to Mu'ta, where he was killed; the only Companion named in the Qur'an.Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl
c. 585 CESon of Abu Jahl: a leader of the Meccan opposition who was pardoned at the conquest of Mecca, became a Muslim, and died fighting under the banner of Islam on the Syrian front.Khalid ibn al-Walid
c. 585 CEThe great commander on both sides of the early wars: the cavalry leader who turned the day at Uhud for the Meccans, then converted in 629 and led the Muslim armies at Mu'ta, in the Ridda wars and at the Yarmuk.Mus'ab ibn Umayr
c. 585 CEA refined young Qurayshi of wealth who embraced Islam early and was sent to Medina before the Hijra as the community's first emissary and teacher; killed bearing the standard at Uhud.Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
c. 590 CEA brother of Ali who led the Muslim emigration to Abyssinia and answered the Negus for his people; killed at Mu'ta carrying the army's standard after Zayd ibn Haritha.Nusayba bint Ka'b (Umm Umara)
c. 590 CEAn Ansari woman of Medina who pledged at Aqaba and fought at Uhud shielding the Prophet with sword and shield — the tradition's most famous woman warrior of the first generation.Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid
c. 590 CEWar-chief of Banu Asad who claimed prophecy at the Prophet's death, was broken by Khalid at Buzakha, fled to Syria — then returned, became a Muslim, and fought in the conquests he had once stood against.al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
c. 594 CEOne of the earliest converts and a cousin of the Prophet through his mother Safiyya; at Badr he was one of the army's two horsemen, commanded the right wing, and joined the patrol that captured Quraysh's water-bearers.Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
c. 595 CEOne of the earliest converts, an archer at Badr, and the commander who broke the Sasanian army at al-Qadisiyya about 636; founder of the garrison city of Kufa.Wahshi ibn Harb
c. 600 CEAn Abyssinian slave famous for his javelin: promised his freedom for killing Hamza at Uhud, he later became a Muslim and, in the tradition's account, also killed the false prophet Musaylima at Yamama.Talha ibn Abi Talha
Standard-bearer of the Meccan side at Badr; al-Sallabi reports that Ali killed him, and that al-Hajjaj ibn Ilat al-Sulami composed verses about it (pp. 79-80).Ubayda ibn al-Harith
A Hashimi Muhajir, the eldest of the three Muslim duelists at Badr; he exchanged two blows with Utba ibn Rabi'a that left both mortally wounded, and died at al-Safra days later on the march home.Mu'awwidh ibn Afra
A young Khazraji — known by his mother's name Afra — who with Mu'adh ibn Amr ibn al-Jamuh struck Abu Jahl at Badr and left him dying; Mu'awwidh fought on until he was killed in the same battle.Umayr ibn al-Humam
A Khazraji Companion who, hearing the Prophet's call to a paradise wide as the heavens at Badr, threw away the dates he was eating — reckoning life until they were finished too long — and fought until he was killed.Sa'd ibn Mu'adh
Chief of the Aws and standard-bearer of the Ansar at Badr, where he pledged the Ansar's full support in the war council and proposed building the command shelter; later gave the ruling on Banu Qurayza and died of a wound received then.Abd Allah ibn Rawaha
Companion from the Ansar and poet of early Islam; appointed third commander of the Mu'tah expedition. After both of his comrades Zayd and Ja'far were killed he hesitated briefly then charged and was martyred. The Prophet announced his death while still in Medina, reporting in a vision that his throne was slightly tilted beside his companions' because of his hesitation before pressing on.Abdullah ibn Abi Umayya
A Qurashi nobleman of Banu Makhzum, brother of Umm Salama and maternal cousin of the Prophet; after opposing the early call, he accepted Islam on the road to the conquest of Mecca and was martyred by an arrow during the siege of Ta'if.Abu Amir al-Ash'ari
A senior Ash'ari Companion and paternal uncle of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari; appointed by the Prophet to lead the pursuit column against the routed Hawazin at Awtas, he slew nine enemy champions before falling martyred to an arrow, handing the banner to Abu Musa.al-Huwayrith ibn Nuqaydh
A Qurashi in Mecca who persistently harassed the Prophet; when al-Abbas was escorting the Prophet's daughters Fatima and Umm Kulthum to Medina, al-Huwayrith prodded their camel so they fell; he was ordered killed on the Conquest and slain by Ali ibn Abi Talib.Ayman ibn Ubayd
The son of Barakah (Umm Ayman, the Prophet's nursemaid) and half-brother of Usama ibn Zayd; an Ethiopian-Arab Muslim who remained steadfast around the Prophet when the lines broke at Hunayn and fell fighting as a martyr.Durayd ibn al-Simma
A legendary pre-Islamic knight, tribal champion and poet of Banu Jusham (Hawazin); an old, blind veteran carried in a litter at Hunayn, he vehemently criticized Malik ibn Awf's strategy of bringing women and herds into battle, and was slain at Awtas.Sa'id ibn Sa'id ibn al-As
An early Muslim of Banu Umayya, brother of Khalid ibn Sa'id and Amr ibn Sa'id; he migrated to Abyssinia and fell as a martyr to an arrow at the siege of Ta'if.Suraqa ibn al-Harith
An Ansari Companion from Banu al-Najjar of the Khazraj; he witnessed Badr and other early battles and fell martyred fighting at the Battle of Hunayn.Thabit ibn al-Jidh'
An Ansari veteran of the Second Pledge of al-Aqaba from Banu Salama (Khazraj); he fought at Badr, Uhud, and the Trench, and attained martyrdom during the siege of Ta'if.Yazid ibn Zam'a
A Qurashi Companion from Banu al-Muttalib (nephew of Sawda bint Zam'a); at the Battle of Hunayn, his spirited horse named al-Janah bolted and threw him, leading to his martyrdom.Amir ibn al-Tufayl
Chief and horseman of Banu Amir ibn Sa'sa'a, remembered as the betrayer of the Bi'r Ma'una envoys; within the 9 AH delegation he plotted with Arbad ibn Qays to strike the Prophet and died shortly after of a throat swelling.Arbad ibn Qays
A leader of Banu Amir, maternal half-brother of the poet Labid, who circled behind the Prophet and half-drew his sword during the 9 AH delegation; the tradition says his hand was stayed, and lightning struck him dead on the way home.Mu'adh ibn Amr ibn al-Jamuh
A young Khazraji who, with Mu'awwidh ibn Afra, struck down Abu Jahl at Badr; the Prophet judged that both had killed him and awarded Mu'adh the spoils; his hand was severed by Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl in the same fight.al-Miqdad ibn Amr
A Bahrani confederate adopted into Quraysh and one of the first Muslims; at Badr he was one of the army's two horsemen, commanded the left wing, and made the council's famous pledge to fight to Bark al-Ghimad.Abbas ibn Mirdas al-Sulami
A knight, poet and chieftain of Banu Sulaym; he embraced Islam prior to the conquest of Mecca after a miraculous encounter with his idol Dimar, led the Sulaym contingent at the Conquest and Hunayn, and was renowned for his stirring war poetry.Abdullah ibn Abi Hadrad al-Aslami
A Companion of Banu Aslam dispatched by the Prophet as an undercover scout to Hawazin's camp at Awtas before Hunayn; he stayed among them, overheard Malik ibn Awf's orders, and brought vital intelligence back to Medina's army.Abdullah ibn Amr ibn Haram
A prominent chief of Banu Salima of the Khazraj, father of Jabir ibn Abdullah; he embraced Islam and took the Second Pledge of Aqaba where he was appointed a naqib; he fought at Badr and was the first Muslim martyred at the battle of Uhud, where the Prophet spoke of God speaking to him without a veil.Abdullah ibn Atik
A heroic Companion from Banu Salima of the Khazraj fluent in Jewish dialect; chosen by the Prophet to lead the five-man covert mission to Khaybar to assassinate Sallam ibn Abi al-Huqayq (Abu Rafi'); though his leg was fractured on withdrawal, the Prophet wiped it and it healed instantly.Abdullah ibn Jahsh
One of the earliest Muslims and an ally of Banu Abd Shams; he emigrated to Abyssinia and fought at Badr; the Prophet sent him to Nakhla, and reports say he was the first commander in Islam and the first to be given a banner; he was killed at Uhud and buried in one grave with Hamza, and al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar says he was nicknamed 'the one mutilated for God'.Abdullah ibn Unays
A Juhani and ally of Banu Salima among the Ansar; he was at al-Aqaba and later campaigns and was one of those who broke the idols of Banu Salima; the Prophet sent him alone to Khalid ibn Nubayh al-Anzi, whom he killed; Jabir travelled a month to him for a hadith; he entered Egypt and went out to Ifriqiya, and died in Syria in 54 AH as is known.Abu Basir (Utba ibn Usayd)
A determined Meccan convert who escaped to Medina following the Hudaybiyya Treaty; surrendered to Quraysh envoys in adherence to treaty terms, he overpowered his guard on the journey back and established a coastal guerrilla base at al-Is, intercepting Quraysh caravans until Quraysh begged the Prophet to accept them in Medina.al-Akhnas ibn Shariq
A Thaqafi leader allied to Banu Zuhra who marched with the Meccan army, then judged a battle against Medina unnecessary after the caravan escaped and led the whole Zuhra contingent — some 300 men — home before Badr.al-Ala ibn Jariya al-Thaqafi
A leader of Thaqif allied to Banu Zuhra; he embraced Islam after the fall of Mecca and was granted one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum to reconcile his tribe.al-Aqra' ibn Habis al-Tamimi
A paramount chieftain and arbitrator of Banu Tamim in Najd; given one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum, he witnessed the conquest of Mecca, Hunayn and al-Ta'if with the Prophet, came with the Tamim delegation in 9 AH and pronounced that the Muslims' orator and poet surpassed Tamim's, after which the delegation accepted Islam; he later took part in the early conquests.al-Harith ibn Hisham
A prominent nobleman of Banu Makhzum and brother of Abu Jahl; after fierce opposition to Islam at Badr and Uhud, he embraced Islam on the day of the conquest of Mecca, was granted one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum, and fell as a martyr in the conquest of Syria.Amr ibn al-Jamuh
A chief of the Ansar from Banu Salima, who kept a wooden idol in his house until he embraced Islam, after the young men of his clan threw it repeatedly into the dung pits; Ibn al-Kalbi says he was the last of the Ansar to become Muslim; the Prophet told Banu Salima 'rather, your chief is Amr ibn al-Jamuh', and he gave the wedding feast when the Prophet married; he was killed at Uhud.Amr ibn Salim al-Khuza'i
A man of Banu Ka'b of Khuza'a who stood before the Prophet in the Medina mosque and recited his famous plea for help after the al-Watir attack — 'that which stirred the conquest of Mecca', in Ibn Ishaq's words.Anas ibn Abi Marthad al-Ghanawi
A companion of Ghaniy who volunteered to stand night watch over the Muslim camp on the eve of the battle of Hunayn.Asim ibn Thabit
A prominent warrior and archer of the Aws who fought at Badr and Uhud; chosen as commander of the ten scouts sent in the Expedition of al-Raji' in 4 AH, where he refused surrender and fought until martyrdom; God sent a swarm of wasps to shield his body from desecration by Quraysh.Awf ibn al-Harith (Ibn Afra')
He is Awf ibn Afra', brother of Mu'adh and Mu'awwidh, of Banu al-Najjar; he was at Badr and asked the Prophet that day what makes the Lord laugh at His servant, and he answered that it is to see him plunge his hand into the fight without armour, so he took off his armour, went forward and fought until he was killed as a martyr.Bishr ibn al-Bara'
A noble Ansari Companion from Banu Salima of the Khazraj, son of al-Bara' ibn Ma'rur; Badri veteran who was present at the conquest of Khaybar; ate from the poisoned sheep offered by Zaynab bint al-Harith and died of its effects.Budayl ibn Warqa' al-Khuza'i
A Khuza'i leader of the truce years: he sheltered the driven-in Khuza'a in his house, led their complaint delegation to Medina, met Abu Sufyan at Usfan while concealing his own visit, and scouted the Muslim army with him at Marr al-Zahran — where he slipped away to warn the Prophet. As 'Budayl ibn Umm Asram' he answered al-Akhzar's war poem.Harb ibn Umayya
The senior Umayyad whom Quraysh and Kinana chose to lead them in the Fijar war against Qays 'Aylan, for his standing in age and honour; father of Abu Sufyan.Hatib ibn Abi Balta'a
A Companion settled in Mecca without clan or kin there, a halif with children and wealth among them. When the Prophet resolved on the march to Mecca, Hatib wrote to warn Quraysh; the letter was intercepted, and the tradition holds that the Prophet excused him citing the people of Badr — and that the opening of Sura al-Mumtahana came down concerning him.Himas ibn Qays al-Dili
A warrior of Banu Bakr who prepared weapons before the Conquest boasting he would kill Muhammad's companions; he fought at al-Khandama, broke and fled to his house, reciting famous verses to his wife.al-Hubab ibn al-Mundhir
A Khazraji Companion whose counsel at Badr — to occupy the nearest well, block the others and build a reservoir — the Prophet accepted, giving the Muslim camp control of the water.Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman
A prominent Companion known as the 'Keeper of the Prophet's Secrets'; at the climax of the Battle of the Trench, the Prophet sent him across the lines on a freezing, gale-swept night into the confederate camp to gather intelligence, bringing back news of Abu Sufyan ordering the final retreat. وهو الذي أفزعه اختلاف أهل الشام والعراق في القراءة بفتح أرمينية فقال لعثمان «أدرك هذه الأمة قبل أن يختلفوا في الكتاب اختلاف اليهود والنصارى» فكان إنذاره سبب نسخ المصاحف.Ka'b ibn Malik al-Ansari
One of the three chief poets of the Prophet from the Ansar (Banu Salama of Khazraj); he witnessed the Second Pledge of al-Aqaba, fought in the early campaigns, defended the community with his eloquent verses at Hunayn, and was later one of the three whose repentance at Tabuk was accepted. وحديثه عن تخلفه عن تبوك من أطول أخبار الصحيح وأشهرها.Khirash ibn Umayya al-Ka'bi
A warrior of Banu Ka'b of Khuza'a who, following the conquest of Mecca, ambushed and killed Ibn al-Anwa' al-Hudhali for pre-Islamic blood; the Prophet strongly condemned the act, paid the victim's wergild himself, and delivered the sermon of Mecca's perpetual inviolability.Khunays ibn Khalid al-Khuza'i
A Khuza'i Companion (kunya Abu Sakhr, allied to Banu Munqidh) in Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry; he took an alternate path on entering Mecca and was killed at al-Khandama along with Kurz ibn Jabir.Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri
A Companion from Banu Muharib ibn Fihr; in the conquest of Mecca he rode in Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry, strayed off the main road with Khunays ibn Khalid, and was killed defending his fallen comrade at al-Khandama.Malik ibn Abbad al-Hadrami
A trader of Banu al-Hadrami under the protection pact of Banu al-Aswad ibn Razn; Khuza'a killed him on their land and took his goods — the first link in the feud that ended at al-Watir.Marhab of Khaybar
The formidable warrior-chieftain of the Jewish community of Khaybar; renowned for his strength and poetry; advanced in double armor challenging the Muslim army before the fortress of Na'im, where he was slain in single combat by Ali ibn Abi Talib.Mukhayriq
A Jewish scholar said to be from Banu al-Nadir, or Banu Qaynuqa according to others; in al-Waqidi's account he embraced Islam and was killed at Uhud; he left his wealth, seven orchards in Medina, to the Prophet, who made them a charitable endowment; Umar ibn Shabba reports from Ibn Shihab that the Prophet called him the foremost of the Jews.Nawfal ibn Mu'awiya al-Dili
Chief of Banu al-Dil of Banu Bakr in the truce years; he led the night attack on Khuza'a at al-Watir seeking blood-revenge and refused to halt at the sanctuary's bounds — the breach that precipitated the conquest of Mecca.Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud
A shrewd chieftain of Banu Ashja' of Ghatafan who converted to Islam secretly during the siege of the Trench; instructed by the Prophet that 'war is deceit', he successfully sowed mutual distrust between the confederate leaders (Quraysh and Ghatafan) and Banu Qurayza, precipitating the collapse of the siege.Qarib ibn al-Aswad
A leader of the Ahlaf faction of Thaqif who commanded their contingent at the Battle of Hunayn; upon the confederation's collapse, he skillfully extricated his men toward Ta'if, preventing mass casualties among his clan.Qutba ibn Amir ibn Hadida
A Khazraji companion — one of the six Ansar who first met the Prophet at al-Aqaba and among its twelve nuqaba' — who witnessed Badr, and in Safar 9 AH commanded the twenty-man raid against a Khath'am clan near Tabala.Rabi'a ibn Rufay' (Ibn al-Dughunna)
A warrior of Banu Sulaym (known as Ibn al-Dughunna) who caught up with the aged Durayd ibn al-Simma at Awtas after the rout of Hunayn and killed him after an exchange of swords.Sa'd ibn Khaythama
An Ansari of the Aws, one of the twelve naqibs on the night of al-Aqaba and the naqib of Banu Amr ibn Awf; the Prophet used to sit with people in his house at Quba, called 'the house of the crow'; he was killed at Badr after his lot was drawn over his father's, and Ibn Hajar rejects Abu Nu'aym's claim that he was the Abu Khaythama who stayed behind from Tabuk.Sa'd ibn Zayd al-Ashhali
A noble Companion from Banu Abd al-Ashhal of the Aws; Badri veteran who was entrusted by the Prophet with the mission to demolish the ancient idol Manat at al-Mushallal in Ramadan 8 AH.Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal
A righteous Companion and veteran warrior from Banu Sulaym assigned to travel behind the army to collect dropped luggage; when he found Aisha left behind at al-Muraysi', he recognized her, lowered his camel without uttering a word beyond 'Inna lillahi wa-inna ilayhi raji'un', and safely escorted her to Medina; he was martyred during the Armenian conquests.Salama ibn al-Akwa'
A famed Companion celebrated as the swiftest runner and premier foot-archer among the Muslims; hero of the Expedition of Dhu Qarad where he pursued the raiders on foot and recovered the captured camels; fought valiantly at Khaybar, Hunayn, and the Ridwan Pledge.Salama ibn al-Mayla' al-Juhani
A warrior of Juhayna who was killed in Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry during the entry into Mecca on the day of the Conquest.Sawad ibn Ghaziyya
An Ansari Companion at Badr who, when the Prophet's arrow nicked him while straightening the ranks, bared his own belly for retaliation; the Prophet embraced him instead — the best-known of the 'wonders of faith' vignettes from the battle.Shayba ibn Uthman al-Hajabi
A hereditary custodian of the Kaaba from Banu Abd al-Dar who joined the march to Hunayn intending to assassinate the Prophet to avenge his father and uncle slain at Uhud; upon drawing close, he was overcome with awe, and the Prophet placed his hand on his chest and prayed for him, whereupon he embraced Islam and fought loyally.Shuja ibn Wahb al-Asadi
An early Muhajir Companion from Banu Asad ibn Khuzayma who migrated to Abyssinia and fought at Badr and Uhud; chosen as the Prophet's envoy to al-Harith ibn Abi Shimr al-Ghassani, ruler of Damascus; later martyred at the battle of al-Yamama.Subay' Dhu al-Khimar
Leader of Banu Malik of Thaqif alongside his brother Ahmar at the Battle of Hunayn; his clan bore the brunt of the Muslim counterattack and suffered heavy casualties around their banner before falling back to Ta'if.Suraqa ibn Malik
A Mudliji horseman who chased the bounty on the fugitives; when his mare sank beneath him twice he sought safe-conduct instead, and spent the rest of the day turning pursuers away — 'the day's beginning against them, its end guarding them'.Tamim ibn Asad al-Khuza'i
The Khuza'i man who escaped the al-Watir night attack when his companion Munabbih fell; the long apology poem to Budayl ibn Umm Asram is his — though Ibn Hisham notes it is also ascribed to Hubayb ibn Abdullah al-A'lam al-Hudhali.Uqba ibn Amir ibn Nabi
An Ansari of Banu Salima, he was at the first al-Aqaba, Badr and Uhud, where he was marked by a green band on his helmet, and at the Trench and the other campaigns, and was killed at al-Yamama; Ibn Hajar thinks he is a different man from Uqba ibn Amir al-Sulami who brought his son to the Prophet, though Ibn al-Athir joined them.Uthman ibn Hunayf
An Ansari, brother of Sahl ibn Hunayf; al-Tirmidhi alone said he fought at Badr, while the majority say his first campaign was Uhud; Umar sent him to survey the land after Kufa was conquered, and Ali appointed him over Basra but Talha and al-Zubayr took it from him, the well-known episode behind the battle of the Camel; he died in Mu'awiya's caliphate.Uyayna ibn Hisn al-Fazari
A powerful, mercurial chieftain of Banu Fazara in Najd (dubbed 'the foolish chief obeyed by ten thousand swords'); he witnessed the conquest of Mecca, Hunayn and al-Ta'if with the Prophet, was granted one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum, came with the Banu Tamim delegation in 9 AH, and later faltered during the Ridda wars before repenting and returning to Islam.Waqid ibn Abdullah al-Yarbu'i
A Tamimi of Banu Yarbu', ally of Banu Adi; he was at Badr, and he is the one who shot Amr ibn al-Hadrami dead with an arrow in the Nakhla raid, after which the verse about the sacred month was revealed; Banu Yarbu' used to boast that one of them was the first to kill a polytheist in Islam; he died at the start of Umar's caliphate.
Group
The early Muslim community
The first generation of believers gathered around the Prophet in Mecca and Medina — the persecuted handful of the first decade that became the founding community of Islam.The Ansar
'The Helpers' — the Muslims of Medina, of Aws and Khazraj, who invited the Prophet to their city, sheltered the refugees, and supplied the community's fighting strength.Banu al-Dil
A clan of Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat ibn Kinana — its leading house, Banu al-Aswad ibn Razn, had been killed by Khuza'a before Islam; in the truce of Hudaybiyya its men under Nawfal ibn Mu'awiya carried out the night attack on al-Watir.Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat
A tribe of Kinana that entered Quraysh's pact at Hudaybiyya; the night attack by its Banu al-Dil clan on Khuza'a at al-Watir — secretly armed by Quraysh — broke the truce and set off the conquest of Mecca.Banu Jusham
A warrior clan of the Hawazin confederation; among them was the aged veteran commander and poet Durayd ibn al-Simma, who advised against driving the women and wealth into battle at Hunayn.Banu Nasr
A leading clan of the Hawazin confederation; from it hailed Malik ibn Awf al-Nasri, commander of the polytheist confederation at the Battle of Hunayn.Banu Qurayza
Medina's last Jewish tribe — besieged after the Battle of the Trench for treating with the confederates, judged by the arbitration they themselves accepted, and their men put to death in the gravest single act of violence of the Prophet's era.Hawazin
The great nomadic confederation of the Hijaz — rival of Quraysh and the Prophet's own foster-kin — that fielded the last massed Arab army against the Muslims at Hunayn and then came over within the year.The Jewish communities of Khaybar
The Jewish oasis communities of Khaybar, north of Medina — farmers and smiths behind strong fortresses, including exiles of Banu Nadir — subdued in 628 and left on the land under tribute until Umar's expulsion.Khuza'a
The tribe of the Meccan lowland, long allied to the Prophet's house by marriage and oath; it entered his pact at Hudaybiyya, was attacked at al-Watir by Banu Bakr with Quraysh's secret aid, and its appeal to Medina set off the conquest of Mecca.Quraysh
The tribe that held Mecca and the custodianship of the Kaaba — the Prophet's own people, its elite his fiercest opponents for a decade, then, after 630, the core of the new community's leadership.Thaqif
The tribe of Ta'if, keepers of the sanctuary of al-Lat — who drove the Prophet out with stones when he came to them alone, then, after Hunayn, negotiated their city into Islam on their own terms.
Event
The Day of al-Radm between Murad and Hamdan
c. 620 (approx.) CEA battle shortly before Islam between Murad and Hamdan in which Hamdan did as they wished with Murad and inflicted heavy losses; Hamdan was led by al-Ajda' ibn Malik according to Ibn Ishaq, by Malik ibn Harim al-Hamdani according to Ibn Hisham. Farwa ibn Musayk of Murad composed verses on it, and the Prophet asked him on his arrival whether what befell his people on the Day of al-Radm grieved him.Expedition of Sayf al-Bahr
c. March 623 CE · Ramadan 1 AHThe first expedition dispatched by the Prophet, led by Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib with 30 Muhajirun in Ramadan 1 AH to intercept a Quraysh caravan; mediated by Majdi ibn Amr without clash.Expedition of Rabigh
c. April 623 CE · Shawwal 1 AHAn expedition led by Ubayda ibn al-Harith in Shawwal 1 AH with 60 Muhajirun; witnessed the first arrow shot in Islam by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and the defection of al-Miqdad and Utba ibn Ghazwan to the Muslims.Expedition of al-Kharrar
c. May 623 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 1 AHAn expedition led by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas with 20 Muhajirun in Dhu al-Qada 1 AH marching on foot by night towards al-Kharrar; found the caravan had passed the day before.Expedition of al-Abwa (Waddan)
c. August 623 CE · Safar 2 AHThe first expedition led personally by the Prophet in Safar 2 AH with 70 Muhajirun; established an alliance treaty with Amr ibn Makhshi of Banu Damra.Expedition of Buwat
c. September 623 CE · Rabi' I 2 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet in Rabi' al-Awwal 2 AH with 200 companions to intercept a Quraysh caravan led by Umayya ibn Khalaf; reached Mount Buwat without encounter.Expedition of Safwan (First Badr)
c. September 623 CE · Rabi' I 2 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet in Rabi' al-Awwal 2 AH in pursuit of Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri after he raided the pastures of Medina; chased him to the valley of Safwan near Badr.Expedition of Dhu al-Ushayra
c. November 623 CE · Jumada I 2 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet in Jumada al-Ula/al-Akhirah 2 AH with 150-200 Muhajirun to intercept a Quraysh caravan to Sham (the caravan pursued later at Badr); concluded a treaty with Banu Mudlij.Expedition of Nakhla
c. January 624 CE · Rajab 2 AHA secretive expedition dispatched by the Prophet under Abdullah ibn Jahsh in Rajab 2 AH with 12 Muhajirun; intercepted a Quraysh caravan at Nakhla, resulting in the death of Amr ibn al-Hadrami and captives; resolved by Qur'an 2:217.The duel at Badr
13 March 624 CE · 17 Ramadan 2 AHThe opening single combat of Badr: Utba, Shayba and al-Walid of Quraysh against Ubayda, Hamza and Ali; all three Qurayshis fell, and Ubayda died of his wound days later.The Battle of Badr
13 March 624 CE · 17 Ramadan 2 AHThe first major battle between the Muslims of Medina and the Quraysh of Mecca, fought at the wells of Badr on 17 Ramadan 2 AH.Expedition of al-Kudr
c. April 624 CE · Shawwal 2 AHAn expedition of 200 Muslims led by the Prophet in Shawwal 2 AH to al-Kudr to disperse Banu Sulaym and Ghatafan gathering against Medina; the tribes scattered and Muslims captured 500 camels.Siege of Banu Qaynuqa
c. 9 April 624 CE · 15 Shawwal 2 AHA fifteen-day siege of the Jewish tribe Banu Qaynuqa in Shawwal 2 AH after their breach of the covenant; ended in their unconditional surrender and expulsion from Medina.Expedition of al-Sawiq
c. May 624 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 2 AHAn expedition in Dhu al-Hijjah 2 AH pursuing Abu Sufyan who raided the outskirts of Medina with 200 riders; the Meccans dumped bags of roasted barley flour (sawiq) to lighten their load during flight.Expedition of Dhu Amarr
c. July 624 CE · Muharram 3 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet with 450 men in Muharram 3 AH to disperse Banu Thalaba and Muharib at Dhu Amarr; the Bedouins fled to mountain tops without fighting.Expedition of Buhran
c. October 624 CE · Rabi' II 3 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet with 300 men in Rabi' al-Thani 3 AH to Buhran in the direction of al-Furu'; stayed through Jumada al-Ula without encounter.Expedition of al-Qarada
c. November 624 CE · Jumada II 3 AHA successful raid in Jumada al-Akhirah 3 AH led by Zayd ibn Haritha with 100 riders to al-Qarada in Najd, intercepting a rich Quraysh caravan led by Safwan ibn Umayya valued at 100,000 dirhams.The Battle of Uhud
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHA battle near Mount Uhud in which the Quraysh gained the upper hand and Hamza, the Prophet's uncle, was killed.Uhud war council and Muslim mobilization
22 March 625 CE · 6 Shawwal 3 AHWhen news of the Quraysh army heading for Medina reached the Prophet he held a senior war council. His view was to stay in Medina and fight the polytheists through the alleys, and Abdullah ibn Ubayy agreed; but the young Companions who had missed Badr pressed to march out until he yielded. The Prophet put on his armour and girt his sword, then divided his army into three battalions: the Muhajirun under the banner of Mus'ab ibn Umayr, the Aws under Usayd ibn Hudayr, and the Khazraj under al-Hubab ibn al-Mundhir.Battle over the Quraysh standard at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHThe weight of the battle circled the polytheists' standard, which was carried by the Banu Abd al-Dar. The first to bear it, Talha ibn Abi Talha, was killed by al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam. The Banu Abd al-Dar carried it in turn until they were wiped out: Uthman, Abu Sa'd, Artat, Shurayh, Abu Zayd ibn Abd Manaf, Ibn Sharhabil and others. Last to carry it was an Abyssinian slave named Sawab, who fought until his hands were cut off and fell upon it with his chest until he was killed. The standard fell to the ground with none left to bear it.Burial of the Uhud martyrs
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHThe Messenger of God looked over the martyrs and said: 'I am witness over these.' He ordered that anyone who had carried a slain man back to Medina return him, and that they be buried where they fell, in their clothes, the iron and leather removed, unwashed; two or three were laid in one grave, the one who had taken most of the Qur'an placed first. Abdullah ibn Amr ibn Haram and Amr ibn al-Jamuh were buried together for the love between them. They looked for Hanzala and found him dripping water; the Prophet said the angels were washing him, and he was called the angels' washed. Among the martyrs they found Mus'ab ibn Umayr, for whom no shroud was found but a striped cloak.Defection of the hypocrites at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHOn the road to Uhud, when the army was near al-Shawt, Abdullah ibn Ubayy broke away and withdrew with some three hundred fighters on the pretext that the Messenger had rejected his advice to stay in Medina. This withdrawal revealed for the first time the hypocrisy that had been hidden. The Banu Haritha of the Aws and Banu Salama of the Khazraj wavered toward going back, then held firm by God's help; Abdullah ibn Haram, Jabir's father, tried to turn the hypocrites back and they refused.Defense of the Prophet at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHAfter the wheeling manoeuvre only nine men remained with the Prophet at the rear. Utba ibn Abi Waqqas threw stones at him; his lower right incisor was broken and his lip wounded. Abdullah ibn Qami'a struck his cheek with a sword so that two rings of the helmet sank into it. In the hardest moment Talha ibn Ubaydullah and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas stood with him and shielded him. Sa'd shot until his quiver was emptied; Talha fought like eleven men until his fingers were cut and he bore thirty-five or thirty-nine wounds. Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah pulled the two helmet rings from his cheek with his front teeth. Abu Dujana shielded him with his back from the arrows. Umm Umara Nusayba bint Ka'b defended him until she took twelve wounds.Muslim deployment at Uhud and the archers' post
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHThe Prophet halted with seven hundred fighters in the gorge of Mount Uhud, facing Medina with his back to the mountain — the best position on the field. He picked fifty skilled archers under Abdullah ibn Jubayr ibn al-Nu'man al-Ansari al-Awsi and posted them on a small hill southeast of the camp known as the Archers' Hill, ordering them not to leave their position in victory or defeat, and told their commander: 'keep the cavalry off us with your arrows so they cannot come at us from behind.' He put al-Mundhir ibn Amr on the right wing and al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam on the left, supported by al-Miqdad.Khalid's flanking manoeuvre at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHWhen the Muslims' backs were left bare of archers, Khalid ibn al-Walid wheeled with lightning speed to the rear of the Muslim army and wiped out Abdullah ibn Jubayr and his nine companions on the hill, then fell on the Muslims from behind. Hearing the cry of Khalid's cavalry, the polytheists turned back on the Muslims. A woman named Umra bint Alqama al-Harithiyya raised the fallen polytheist standard and they rallied around it. The Muslims were trapped between Khalid's horse behind them and Quraysh's army returning from the front.Martyrdom of Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHHamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib was fighting in the open like a grey camel, sweeping the ranks aside. Wahshi ibn Harb, an Abyssinian slave of Jubayr ibn Mut'im, lay in wait behind a tree or rock; Jubayr had promised Wahshi his freedom if he killed Hamza in revenge for his uncle Tu'ayma ibn Adi, slain at Badr. 'I shook my spear until I was satisfied, then hurled it at him; it struck his flank and came out between his legs'. Wahshi finished him and returned to Mecca and was freed. Then Hind bint Utba came and cut open his liver and chewed it but could not swallow it.Muslim withdrawal to the mountain pass at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHWhen about thirty Companions had gathered around the Prophet he began an orderly withdrawal into the mountain gorge, cutting a path through the attacking polytheists. During the retreat he killed Ubayy ibn Khalaf with his own hand. The polytheists made a last attempt to climb the mountain under Abu Sufyan and Khalid, and Umar and a party of the Muhajirun fought until they drove them down. The Messenger of God settled in the gorge, where Fatima washed his wound and cauterised it with a burnt mat to stop the bleeding. Muhammad ibn Maslama brought fresh water from which the Prophet drank and prayed for him; he prayed the noon prayer sitting, from the effect of his wounds.Expedition to Hamra al-Asad
24 March 625 CE · 8 Shawwal 3 AHOn the morning of Sunday 8 Shawwal 3 AH the Prophet called the people to pursue Quraysh and said: only those who fought with us may come. The Muslims answered despite their wounds. They reached Hamra al-Asad, eight miles from Medina, and camped. The Prophet sent Ma'bad ibn Abi Ma'bad al-Khuza'i to Abu Sufyan, and at al-Rawha he waged a propaganda war of nerves on him: 'Muhammad has come out with a gathering I have never seen the like of, burning for you.' The Meccan army's resolve collapsed and they kept withdrawing to Mecca. Abu Sufyan sent riders of Abd al-Qays to threaten the Muslims, which only increased their faith. The Prophet stayed Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, then returned and executed Abu Azza al-Jumahi, who had broken his pledge.The Battle of the Trench (al-Ahzab)
c. February 627 CE · Shawwal 5 AHIn Shawwal 5 AH (February-March 627 CE), a confederate army of 10,000 Meccans and Bedouin allies besieged Medina; upon Salman al-Farisi's advice the Muslims dug a protective trench on their northern boundary; the siege endured for nearly a month amidst cold, hunger, and the treachery of Banu Qurayza, until broken by Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud's stratagem and a violent night windstorm.Ali's duel with Amr ibn Abd Wudd at the Trench
c. February 627 CE · Shawwal 5 AHAt the Battle of the Trench, enemy horsemen forced a breach in the ditch. Ali went out with a few Muslims to close it, then Amr ibn Abd Wudd called for single combat; Ali fought him and killed him, and the enemy horsemen fled.The Siege and Judgment of Banu Qurayza
c. March 627 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AHIn Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AH (March 627 CE), immediately after the confederates withdrew, the Prophet marched on Banu Qurayza for breaking their treaty during the siege of Medina; after twenty-five nights of siege they surrendered unconditionally and accepted the arbitration of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, who decreed the execution of the combatants and captivity of women and children.The Expedition of Banu al-Mustaliq (al-Muraysi')
c. December 627 CE · Sha'ban 6 AHIn Sha'ban 6 AH (December 627 CE), the Prophet led an expedition against Banu al-Mustaliq at the watering-place of al-Muraysi' after intelligence revealed their mobilization; following a brief exchange, their forces scattered, their camp was taken, and the Prophet married Juwayriyya bint al-Harith, prompting the Muslims to free a hundred families of her clan.The Conquest of Khaybar
c. May 628 CE · Muharram 7 AHIn Muharram 7 AH (May-June 628 CE), the Prophet marched with 1,400 companions of Hudaybiyya against the formidable Jewish oasis of Khaybar; following fierce assaults and the capture of eight major fortresses (including Na'im, al-Sa'b ibn Mu'adh, al-Zubayr, Ubayy, and al-Qamus), the Jewish leaders surrendered and agreed to cultivate the land for half of its produce.The Expedition of Dhu Qarad (Ghazwat al-Ghaba)
c. May 628 CE · Muharram 7 AHShortly before Khaybar in 7 AH, Uyayna ibn Hisn raided the Prophet's milch camels at al-Ghaba; Salama ibn al-Akwa' pursued them alone on foot with stones and arrows, holding off the raiders until the cavalry arrived, recovering the camels.The Expedition of Dhat al-Riqa'
c. July 628 CE · Rabi' I 7 AHIn the 7th year AH after Khaybar (debated timing), the Prophet led an expedition into Najd against gathering clans of Ghatafan; named from the rags the Muslims wrapped around their injured feet; here Salat al-Khawf (prayer of fear) was performed and the incident of Abbad ibn Bishr praying while struck by arrows occurred.The Bakr–Khuza'a clash at al-Watir
629 CE · 8 AHA night raid by Banu al-Dil of Banu Bakr — secretly armed and joined by men of Quraysh — on Khuza'a at their watering place al-Watir in lower Mecca. The breach of the Hudaybiyya truce it caused is the spark the tradition gives for the conquest of Mecca.The Battle of Mu'tah
September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHA Muslim force of three thousand sent north toward the Byzantine frontier met a larger Byzantine-led army at Mu'tah in Jumada I, 8 AH; after its three appointed commanders fell one by one, Khalid ibn al-Walid took command and withdrew the survivors. Ibn Ishaq (via Urwa ibn al-Zubayr) records a tactical withdrawal; Ibn Hisham cites al-Zuhri that God granted them victory.The Expedition of Dhat al-Salasil
c. October 629 CE · Jumada II 8 AHIn Jumada II 8 AH (October 629 CE), following the Battle of Mu'tah, the Prophet dispatched Amr ibn al-As with 300 men (later reinforced by 200 led by Abu Ubayda) to Dhat al-Salasil on the borders of Syria to win over and neutralize the Quda'a and Bali tribes; Amr demonstrated tactical prudence, routed the gatherings, and established Muslim authority in the northern deserts.The Battle of Hunayn
c. 630 CE · Shawwal 8 AHA battle in a valley near Mecca against the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif, shortly after the conquest of Mecca.The Demolition of al-Uzza and Major Idols
c. January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHIn Ramadan 8 AH immediately following the conquest of Mecca, the Prophet dispatched detachments to obliterate the major pagan sanctuaries of Arabia: Khalid ibn al-Walid destroyed al-Uzza at Nakhla, Amr ibn al-As demolished Suwa' of Hudhayl, and Sa'd ibn Zayd al-Ashhali destroyed Manat at al-Mushallal.The expedition to Awtas
c. January 630 CE · Shawwal 8 AHA detachment sent by the Prophet under Abu Amir al-Ash'ari in pursuit of the routed Hawazin remnants encamped at Awtas; Abu Amir was struck by an arrow and martyred after routing nine enemy champions, whereupon Abu Musa al-Ash'ari took the banner and secured victory.The skirmish of al-Khandama
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHA sharp clash on the heights of al-Khandama where armed resisters from Quraysh and Banu Bakr under Safwan ibn Umayya, Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl, and Suhayl ibn Amr attempted to bar Khalid ibn al-Walid's entry; the resistance was quickly routed, leaving twelve to thirteen Meccan fighters dead, while Kurz ibn Jabir, Khunays ibn Khalid, and Salama ibn al-Mayla' fell on the Muslim side.The Conquest of Mecca (Fath Makka)
c. 11 January 630 CE · 20 Ramadan 8 AHIn Ramadan 8 AH (January 630 CE), following Banu Bakr and Quraysh's breach of the Hudaybiyya peace at al-Watir, the Prophet mobilized 10,000 Muslims and entered Mecca in triumphant humility; dividing the army into four columns, the city was taken almost without resistance; the 360 idols around the Kaaba were shattered, and the Prophet announced a general amnesty to the populace: 'Go, for you are free'. وخطب يوم الفتح فأعلن حرمة البلد إلى يوم القيامة «لم يحل القتال فيه لأحد قبلي ولم يحل لي إلا ساعة من نهار» واستثنى الإذخر لقينهم وبيوتهم.The plot of Amir ibn al-Tufayl and Arbad ibn Qays
c. 631 CE · 9 AHWithin the Banu Amir delegation of 9 AH, Amir ibn al-Tufayl engaged the Prophet in talk while Arbad ibn Qays circled behind him and half-drew his sword; the tradition reports that God restrained his hand, and on their return Arbad was struck by lightning and Amir died of a throat swelling.The farewell prayer over the martyrs of Uhud
c. April 632 CE · Safar 11 AHIn early Safar 11 AH the Prophet went out to Uhud and prayed over the martyrs 'as one bidding farewell to the living and the dead', then said from the minbar that he was their forerunner, that he could see his Basin, and that he feared not polytheism for them but rivalry over the world.The Battle of Dhat al-Sawari (31 AH)
c. 651 CE · 31 AHDhat al-Sawari, 'the Battle of the Masts' (AH 31): the first great naval armament of Islam — Constans sailed in five or six hundred ships, the Muslims under Abdullah ibn Sa'd lashed their hulls together and fought sword to sword until the Byzantines broke and their emperor fled wounded, in the Arabic telling to be killed in a Sicilian bath; Ibn al-Athir notes the victory field was also where talk against Uthman began.The Defeat at Balanjar (32 AH)
c. 652 CE · 32 AHThe Balanjar disaster (AH 32): against Uthman's written warning not to plunge the army in, Abd al-Rahman ibn Rabi'a marched on Balanjar beyond Derbent and was killed — the Khazars kept his body in a coffin for rain-prayers; Salman ibn Rabi'a's relief column gathered the fugitives, among them Salman al-Farisi and Abu Hurayra, in the first Khazar triumph over the Muslim frontier.Ibrahim Inal's raid toward Constantinople
c. 1048 CE · 440 AHIn 440 masses of Ghuzz from beyond the Oxus came to Ibrahim Inal, Tughril Beg's brother; he told them the land could not hold them and the right course was to raid the Byzantines, so they marched with him in their rear until only fifteen days remained between him and Constantinople. He returned with more than a hundred thousand captives, four thousand coats of mail, and booty carried on ten thousand wagons.The fall of Zaragoza
c. 18 December 1118 CE · c. 4 Ramadan 512 AHSaragossa fell to the Christians on Wednesday 4 Ramadan 512 — the capital of the Upper March passing out of Muslim hands.The battle of Cutanda
c. 1120 CE · c. 514 AHThe rout of Cutanda (514) in the Upper March of Saragossa: some twenty thousand volunteer mutatawwi'a were cut down while the regular army escaped unhurt; the amir was Ibrahim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin, and the scholars Abu Ali al-Sadafi and Ibn al-Farra went out as ghazis and were lost. The qadi Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi was present — asked how he had fared, he gave the Maghrebi proverb 'the state of one who left his tent and cloak': everything gone.The Fall of Tudela and Tarazona
c. 1130 CE · c. 524 AHTudela and its sister Tarazona fell to the Christians in 524, in Ibn al-Yasa's phrase.The fall of Almeria to the Christians, 542 AH
c. 17 October 1147 CE · c. 17 Jumada I 542 AHThe sack of Almeria (Friday 17 Jumada I 542): the Castilian-Genoese force under Alfonso VII — 'the emperor, son of Alfonso's daughter' — stormed the harbour city and carried off fourteen thousand maidens alone; the hafiz Ibn Hubaysh won his household's freedom by reciting the emperor's pedigree back to Heraclius, and the traditionist al-Rushati was martyred in its fall. The Almohads Abd al-Mu'min's sons recovered it — fighting Christians within and Ibn Mardanish without until he withdrew in shame at fighting men who fought the Christians.Alfonso's Siege of Cordoba and Its Submission to the Almohads
c. 1150 CE · c. 545 AHAlfonso VII's siege of Cordoba (545) with forty thousand horse while the city starved; Abd al-Mu'min sent twelve thousand under whom the Frank withdrew, and the commander Abu al-Ghamr al-Sa'ib surrendered it to Yahya ibn Maymun — then the Almohad army entered al-Andalus twenty thousand strong under al-Muntati, and Granada's Maymun and Ibn Hamushk submitted.Saladin's Conquest of Ayla
c. December 1170 CE · Rabi' II 566 AHIn the year 566 Saladin marched from Egypt into Frankish lands and raided the districts of Ascalon and Ramla, then attacked the suburb of Gaza and plundered it. The king of the Franks came against him with a small force; he fought and defeated them, and the king escaped after coming close to capture. Saladin returned to Egypt, had ships made in sections and carried the pieces on camels overland until he reached Ayla. There he assembled the pieces, launched them on the sea, and besieged Ayla by land and sea. He took it in the first ten days of Rabi' II and gave its people and all that was in it to plunder.Saladin's Defeat at Ramla
c. November 1177 CE · Jumada I 573 AHIn Jumada I 573 AH Saladin Yusuf ibn Ayyub set out from Egypt for the Syrian coast to raid Frankish lands. He reached Ascalon on the twenty-fourth of the month, and the army plundered, took captives and burned. Since no Frankish army appeared, they grew bold and scattered in raiding, feeling safe. Saladin reached Ramla, intending to besiege some of the Franks' fortresses; the people crowded to cross a river, and the Franks came down on them with their battle lines and champions while only some of the army was with him, most having dispersed in pursuit of spoil. Muhammad, Saladin's nephew, went forward and fought in front of his uncle, and a number of his companions were killed. Ahmad ibn Taqi al-Din, who had only just grown a full beard, charged and was killed as a martyr. The fiercest fighter that day was the jurist Isa al-Hakkari. The Muslims were routed, and some Franks charged at Saladin until they almost reached him. He fled, halting to let the army catch up, until night fell; then he took the desert road with a small party to Egypt. Many of the army's mounts died of hunger and thirst, and most of the raiders were killed or captured. Among the prisoners were the jurist Isa al-Hakkari, a notable of the Asadiyya, and his brother al-Zahir; Saladin ransomed them years later for sixty thousand dinars, along with a group of other captives. Saladin reached Cairo in mid-Jumada II. Ibn al-Athir saw a letter in Saladin's own hand to his brother Turanshah in Damascus describing the battle; it began with two lines of verse.Frankish siege of Hama
c. November 1177 CE · Jumada I 573 AHIn Jumada I of 573 a large Frankish contingent arrived by sea, seizing the chance of the land being empty after Salah al-Din's defeated return from Ramla. The Franks in Syria were gathered, money was distributed among them, and they marched on Hama, besieging it for four days. Its lord, Shihab al-Din Mahmud al-Harimi, Salah al-Din's maternal uncle, was gravely ill; a group of the Salahi army entered and relieved the people. One day the Franks attacked a section of the town and nearly took it by force, but the townspeople joined with the troops, and the Muslims fought with desperate resolve, defending lives, families and property, until they drove the enemy out to the open ground beyond the town. Fighting went on night and day, and the enemy suffered heavy slaughter. The Franks withdrew defeated and went on to besiege Harim. When they had left Hama, its lord al-Harimi died; his son had died three days before him.The Frankish raid on the Red Sea and the Hijaz coast at 'Aydhab
c. 1182 CE · 578 AHIn 578 Prince Arnat, lord of Karak, had a fleet built in sections at Karak and carried to the sea of Ayla; it was assembled with great speed and loaded with fighters. They sailed in two groups. One laid siege to the fort of Ayla, preventing its people from reaching the water, and severe hardship befell them. The other sailed toward 'Aydhab, ravaged the coasts, and seized the Muslim ships it found with the merchants aboard, falling on people unawares, since they had never known a Frank on that sea, neither merchant nor warrior. They meant to enter the Hijaz, Mecca and Medina, seize the pilgrims and bar them from the Sacred House, and then enter Yemen. Al-Malik al-'Adil Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub, his brother Salah al-Din's deputy in Egypt, equipped a fleet with a large force, whose commander was Husam al-Din Lu'lu' the chamberlain, in charge of the fleet. He swooped on the people of Ayla like an eagle, killed some and captured the rest. He then followed the trail of those bound for 'Aydhab until he reached Rabigh and caught them on the Jawza coast. When they saw their doom, they went ashore and took refuge in the ravines. Lu'lu' came down upon them and fought them, and took Arab horsemen; his cavalry and infantry fought them, won, killed most of them and captured the rest. Some were sent to Mina and slaughtered there as a punishment for anyone who sought to frighten the Sacred Precinct of God. He returned with the remainder to Egypt, where they were all put to death.Battle of Hattin
c. 4 July 1187 CE · 25 Rabi' II 583 AHOn Saturday, five days before the end of Rabi' al-Akhir in 583 AH, Saladin and the Muslims engaged the Franks, who were tormented by thirst and had lost heart. The Muslim vanguard shot arrows like locusts spreading across the ground and killed many of the Franks' horses. The Franks were heading for Tiberias to reach water, but Saladin blocked their path, drew up his army against them, and rode among the Muslims urging them on. One of his young Mamluks charged fiercely and fought until he was killed; then the Muslims launched a violent charge that broke the Franks. Some volunteers set fire to the dry grass, which was abundant; the fire burned, and the wind carried its heat and smoke toward the Franks, so that thirst, the heat of the day, the fire and the fighting came upon them together. The Muslims surrounded them like a circle around its diameter, and those who remained climbed a hill near Hattin, where they could pitch no tent except their king's. The Muslims took their great cross, which the Franks call the Cross of the Crucifixion and which they believe contains a piece of the wood on which Christ was crucified. Al-Malik al-Afdal, Saladin's son, recounts that he stood beside his father at the first clash: when the Franks charged repeatedly until they drove the Muslims back toward the tent, his father grew downcast, gripped his beard and cried, 'The Devil lied!'; al-Afdal, joyful, cried, 'We have defeated them!' His father turned to him and said, 'Be quiet; we will not defeat them until that tent falls.' When the tent fell, the sultan dismounted, prostrated in thanks and wept for joy. The king and his brother were captured, along with Prince Arnat, lord of Karak, the lord of Jubayl, the Grand Master of the Templars and a group of Hospitallers. Whoever looked at the dead would not think any prisoners had been taken, and whoever looked at the captives would not think anyone had been killed. Saladin gave the king iced water, and the king gave what was left of it to Arnat. Saladin said, 'He did not drink the water with my permission, so he will not obtain what he wishes'; he rebuked him for his wrongs, rose, and struck his neck, saying that he had twice vowed to kill him if he ever prevailed over him: once when Arnat meant to march on Mecca and Medina, and once when he seized the caravan treacherously. He ordered the Templar and Hospitaller prisoners gathered; two hundred were brought before him and their necks were struck, because they were fiercer than all the other Franks. Ibn al-Athir says that about a year later he passed the site of the battle and saw the ground full of their bones.Recovery of Silves from the Franks
c. 1190 CE · c. 586 AHAl-Mansur's recovery of Silves (586): told the Franks had taken the western city, he marched himself, besieged and took it, and sent an army that won back four towns the Franks had held for forty years — whereupon the lord of Toledo sued for a five-year truce.The Franks take Acre and kill the captives
c. 12 July 1191 CE · 17 Jumada II 587 AHOn Friday, 17 Jumada II 587, the Franks took Acre after a long siege. Among the things that most weakened its defenders was that Amir Sayf al-Din Ali ibn Ahmad al-Hakkari, known as al-Mashtub, went out to King Afrinsis offering to hand over the city in exchange for freeing those inside; the king did not answer him, and the people lost heart. Two amirs from within used the night as a mount, secretly took to the sea by boat, and reached the Muslim army, so the city's people were certain of ruin. Al-Mashtub agreed with the Franks to surrender the city for two hundred thousand dinars, five hundred named captives, the return of the Cross of the Crucifixion, and fourteen thousand dinars for the Marquis, lord of Tyre, with two months allowed to collect it. Once they had taken the city, the Franks betrayed those inside and imprisoned them. Saladin gathered a hundred thousand dinars and consulted his amirs, who advised him to send nothing until the Templars guaranteed good faith; the Templars refused to swear or to guarantee, saying they feared treachery from their own side. Saladin, realising their intent to betray, sent nothing. On Tuesday, 27 Rajab, the Franks went out to the outskirts of the city and found most of the Muslims in their hands already slain by the sword; they spared the amirs and those with wealth, to seek ransom from them. Saladin spent the money he had gathered and sent the captives and the cross to Damascus.Killing of Sultan Tughril III, last Seljuk sultan in Iraq
c. March 1194 CE · 24 Rabi' I 590 AHIn the year 590 Sultan Tughril ibn Arslan ibn Tughril al-Saljuqi marched on the city of Rayy and raided those there who belonged to Khwarazm-Shah Ala al-Din Tekish. Khwarazm-Shah set out from Nishapur for Rayy, and Qutlugh Inanj ibn al-Bahlawan met him in submission. When Tughril heard of his approach, with his troops scattered, he did not wait to gather them. He was told that what he was doing was not sound judgement and that the right course was to assemble the armies, but he would not accept this, for he had courage. The two armies met near Rayy, and Tughril charged in person into the middle of Khwarazm-Shah's army; they surrounded him, threw him from his horse, and killed him on the 24th of Rabi' I. His head was sent to Khwarazm-Shah, who had it forwarded to Baghdad, where it was displayed for several days at Bab al-Nawbi. Khwarazm-Shah marched on Hamadhan and took all those lands. The caliph al-Nasir li-Din Allah had sent an army to his aid, with the sultanic robes, under his vizier Muayyad al-Din ibn al-Qassab. The vizier sent a messenger to summon Khwarazm-Shah to his tent in order to seize him, but Khwarazm-Shah was wary and went to him intending to seize him instead, and the vizier fled into the mountain fastnesses.The Georgians Take Qars and the Death of Their Queen
c. 1207 CE · 604 AHIn 604 the Georgians took the fortress of Qars, one of the districts of Khilat, after besieging it a long time, straitening those within and taking the province's revenue for several years, while no one who came to Khilat relieved them. When the matter dragged on for its governor, and his prayer went unanswered, he made peace with the Georgians for the surrender of the citadel in return for much money and an iqta' grant. Ibn al-Athir said it had become a house of polytheism after having been a house of monotheism. Then God caused the Georgian queen to die, and they fell to disputing among themselves, so their harm was averted until the year's end.The capture of Khwarazmshah by the Khita and his release
c. 1207 CE · 604 AHIn 604 Khwarazmshah Ala al-Din Muhammad fought the Khita; the Muslims were routed in a shameful defeat and many were taken prisoner, among them the Khwarazmshah and a great amir, Ibn Shihab al-Din Mas'ud, whom one man captured together. Once taken, Ibn Mas'ud told him: 'You must set aside the sultanate in these days and become a servant; I will contrive your release.' The Khwarazmshah began to serve him, bringing him food, taking off his clothes and shoes for him and honouring him. The captor said to Ibn Mas'ud: 'I see this man honouring you; who are you?' He replied: 'I am so-and-so, and this is my servant.' The captor treated him kindly and left him for some days. Then Ibn Mas'ud said: 'I fear the fugitives may return without knowing where I am, hold mourning rites, and divide my property.' He set a ransom on him and told his captor: 'Your companions do not know our people, but this servant of mine I trust.' The captor let him go, sending horsemen to protect him. They travelled until they neared Khwarazm, and the horsemen turned back; the Khwarazmshah reached the city, the people rejoiced, drums were beaten and the city was decorated. His brother Ali Shah had proclaimed himself in Tabaristan and cut the khutba for him; Kizlik Khan took Nishapur, and the siege of Herat was resumed, waiting for the sultan to be lost. The Khwarazmshah set out for Khurasan and reached it on the sixth day with six horsemen; Kizlik Khan fled with his wealth.The battle that destroyed the Khitai
c. 1207 CE · 604 AHIn 604 the surviving Khitai gathered under their king when word came that a great body of Tatars was advancing from beyond the lands of Turkistan under their king Kushli Khan, because of what Khwarazm-shah had done to the Khitai; they marched against them. The Khitai king sent to Khwarazm-shah asking him to overlook the past and come to his aid; Kushli Khan also sent to him, seeking his help against the Khitai, his enemies and the enemies of his fathers. Khwarazm-shah answered each that he was with him against the other, and marched his armies until he camped near the place of the encounter, without mixing with either side in a way that showed which he was, so that each took him to be on its side. The Khitai and the Tatars clashed, and the Khitai were routed in a great defeat. Khwarazm-shah fell upon them, killing, capturing and plundering; only a small band escaped, sheltering with their king in a place ringed by mountains with a single approach, and some of them joined his army. Kushli Khan then asked to share the lands of the Khitai, and Khwarazm-shah replied, 'You have nothing from me but the sword.' He advanced, courting him and raiding his baggage. Kushli Khan wrote to him: 'This is not the conduct of kings; it is the conduct of thieves. If you are a sultan, let us meet.' He did not answer, and ordered the people of Shash, Farghana, Isfijab and Kasan to leave for the lands of Islam, laying them waste for fear the Tatars would seize them. Then it happened that other Tatars, under their king Genghis Khan, rose against Kushli Khan and occupied him, and Khwarazm-shah crossed the river into Khurasan.Siege of Herat and the killing of Ibn Kharmil
c. 1207 CE · 604 AHIn 604 Husayn ibn Kharmil, lord of Herat, seized Khwarazm Shah's troops for mistreating the subjects, and apologized to the Shah. The Shah wrote commending his conduct, while secretly telling Izz al-Din Jaldak ibn Tughril, lord of Khaam, to stay with Ibn Kharmil and find a way to seize him. Jaldak rode out with two thousand horse, and Ibn Kharmil ventured out to meet him despite the warning of his vizier Khwaja al-Sahib. When the two saw each other they dismounted to meet, and Jaldak's men mingled with them and seized him. The vizier ordered the gate shut and the men onto the walls, called the slogan of Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud al-Ghuri, and told Jaldak he would surrender the city neither to him nor to the treacherous Ibn Kharmil, since it belonged to Ghiyath al-Din and his father before him. They brought Ibn Kharmil up to the wall; when he refused to order its surrender, they killed him. Ibn Kharmil had fortified Herat with four strong walls and dug its moat, and he had said he feared the water might be held back for days and then released all at once to breach the walls. The besiegers heard this, dammed the water until it gathered, and released it on Herat. The flood did not reach the wall because the town stood on high ground, but the moat filled and the ground around became a morass that kept people from approaching, which the chronicler counts among the finest of stratagems.The enemy's entry into Loja with al-Bayasi
c. 1225 CE · c. 622 AHThe Christians entered Loja in 622 with the sayyid Abu Muhammad al-Bayasi amid his fitna against al-Adil, ravaging it utterly before the Muslims recovered it.Loss of Merida from Ibn Hud
c. 1229 CE · c. 626 AHThe Christians took the district of Merida from Muhammad ibn Hud in 626 — 'the opener of calamities at his hand,' for Merida had been the capital of the al-Jawf country in Arab and Ajam days.The fall of Majorca to the Rum
c. 31 December 1229 CE · c. 14 Safar 627 AHThe conquest of Majorca (Safar 627/Dec 1229): when its governor raided the mainland for timber and seized a Barcelona flat-bottom, James I bound his barons by oath and gathered twenty thousand ashore and sixteen thousand by sea; the rout on Monday 18 Shawwal opened the walls, the city was stormed on Sunday, and twenty-four thousand were killed 'on one account' while the governor was taken and tortured to death after forty-five days.The battle of Anisha
c. 11 August 1237 CE · c. 10 Dhu al-Hijja 634 AHThe battle of Anisha (Thursday, 10 Dhu al-Hijja 634) in which the hafiz Abu'l-Rabi al-Kila'i was killed — advancing ahead of the ranks, calling to the fleeing 'do you flee Paradise?' until he fell; his pupil Ibn al-Abbar mourned him in the famous mimiyya elegy.Murcia handed to the enemy by treaty
c. 1243 CE · c. 641 AHMurcia was handed to the Christians by treaty on Thursday 10 Shawwal — Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hud, son of its own governor, came with a company of Christian notables and surrendered it by compact.The fall of al-Jazira al-Khadra and the breaking of the fleet
c. March 1344 CE · c. 744 AHThe fall of Algeciras and the straits disaster: Abu al-Hasan al-Marini built great fleets for the jihad and answered Andalus's summons in person at Ceuta, but countless Christian ships barred the crossing until they took the Green Island and broke his fleet utterly — the loss he himself reported in his letter to Sultan al-Salih of Egypt and the Hijaz.The treacherous seizure of Alhama and the repulsed Muslim siege
c. February 1482 CE · c. 887 AHThe Marquis of Cadiz seized Alhama by stealth in the last days of the truce (887) — the blow that opened Granada's final war; Granada's folk besieged the garrison and nearly cut its water until relief armies forced them off, and a last escalade by men of Baza and Guadix was discovered and hurled from the heights.Battle of Lucena and the capture of Abu Abd Allah
c. April 1483 CE · c. Rabi' I 888 AHThe battle of Lucena: Boabdil, hearing of his uncle's spoils at Malaga, led Granada's army raiding in Rabi I 888 until the Castilians cut him off in the mountains near Lucena; the army broke and the sultan himself was taken, handed secretly to the Castilian king's captain — the capture that let Castile play him against his father until Granada fell.The fall of Ronda and the west to the Castilians
c. May 1485 CE · c. Jumada I 890 AHThe Castilian siege of Ronda (Jumada I 890): its walls battered while its men were away relieving Cartama, the town surrendered on aman and all western Malaga followed — then the autumn campaign took Qanbil, Mishaqar and Hisn al-Lawz until 'he turned nowhere without uprooting it'.The Bayyazin revolt and the fall of Loja
c. 28 May 1486 CE · c. 26 Jumada I 891 AHCastile released the captive Boabdil, clothed him and armed him to split the Muslims — Vélez submitted and 'peace' was cried in the markets; Granada's Bayazin quarter rose for him (Rabi I–Jumada I 891) while the Alcazaba stoned them. He then entered Loja seeking reconciliation with his uncle al-Zaghal, but the Castilian siege starved it into surrender on 26 Jumada I 891 — Ibn al-Khatib's ancestral town — and Granada openly said he had come only to hand Loja over as his ransom.Fall of Velez-Malaga and the rout before contact
c. 29 April 1487 CE · c. 10 Jumada I 892 AHThe fall of Velez-Malaga (Jumada I 892): al-Zaghal's relief army — Granadans, Guadix men and Alpujarras levies — reached the besieged town only to break before contact when word came that Granada had risen for Boabdil; Velez surrendered on Friday 10 Jumada I and the whole east-Malaga coast submitted, opening the road to the great siege of Malaga itself.Siege of Baza and the surrender of al-Zaghal
c. 4 December 1489 CE · c. 10 Muharram 895 AHThe siege of Baza (Rajab 894–Muharram 895): al-Zaghal threw in every levy from Guadix, Almeria and the Alpujarras and held the Castilians off all summer until siege engines sealed the town; starving, the defenders staged full markets to bluff the enemy spy — 'war is deception' — then surrendered the citadel on Friday 10 Muharram 895. Al-Zaghal himself met the Castilian at Almeria and handed over Guadix's citadel in early Safar: everything east of Granada passed to Castile 'in the blink of an eye'.The Badr war council
Ramadan 2 AHThe consultative council the Prophet held at Dhi Afran after news of the Quraysh levy reached him, in which the Muslim commanders — and Sa'd ibn Mu'adh speaking for the Ansar — pledged to fight beyond the letter of the Aqaba pledge.The affair of the Badr prisoners
Ramadan 2 AHThe aftermath decision over the seventy Badr captives: the consultation in which Abu Bakr advised ransom and Umar advised execution, the ransom terms (1000–4000 dirhams, or teaching ten boys to write), the executions of al-Nadr and Uqba, and the exegetical comments in 8:67-68 and 47:4.The Qulayb at Badr
Ramadan 2 AHAfter the battle the Quraysh dead were cast into a pit (the qulayb) at Badr, where the Prophet addressed them by name; when Umar asked how he spoke to the dead he answered that they heard him no less than the living.The battle of Samura (327 AH)
Shawwal 327 AHal-Nasir's hundred-thousand-strong expedition against king Rudhmir of the Jalaliqa at Samura in Shawwal 327, three days after the month's eclipse — initially a Muslim victory, it turned when the besieged sortied and killed some fifty thousand after they had crossed the ditch; Umayya ibn Ishaq supposedly dissuaded Rudhmir from pursuing the survivors.Shapur's siege of al-Hadra
Shapur I's month-long investment of al-Dayzan's Hatra — broken only when the lovesick al-Nadira told him to track thrown straw up the Tharthar's hidden channel into the fortress; its king slain, Hadra razed, the tale became poetry.
Work
Hassan ibn Thabit's elegies for the Mu'tah martyrs
Three elegies by Hassan ibn Thabit mourning the Mu'tah commanders: the first for all three together, the second for Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, and the third for Zayd and Ibn Rawaha. Transmitted by Ibn Ishaq within his Mu'tah account.Ka'b ibn Malik's elegy for the Mu'tah martyrs
Elegy by Ka'b ibn Malik al-Ansari praising the endurance and courage of the Mu'tah martyrs. Transmitted by Ibn Ishaq within the Mu'tah narrative.Abbas ibn Mirdas's ode on the Battle of Hunayn
The ode composed by Abbas ibn Mirdas al-Sulami celebrating the steadfastness of Banu Sulaym and the Muslims' counter-rally at the Battle of Hunayn, answering Hawazin's poets.Ka'b ibn Malik's ode on Hunayn and the march to Ta'if
The ode by Ka'b ibn Malik al-Ansari commemorating the victory at Hunayn and the army's advance to besiege the fortress of Ta'if.Abbas ibn Mirdas's verses of reproach on the Ji'rana division
The verses of gentle reproach composed by Abbas ibn Mirdas when granted fewer camels than Uyayna and al-Aqra', upon which the Prophet ordered his share completed to a full hundred until he was satisfied.Hassan ibn Thabit's poem enumerating the Ansar's campaigns with the Prophet
A lam-rhymed poem listing the Ansar's battles beside the Prophet from Badr to Tabuk; Ibn Ishaq places it at the close of the Bara'a chapter, and Ibn Hisham notes it is also attributed to Hassan's son Abd al-Rahman and that its last verse comes from a source other than Ibn Ishaq.Farwa ibn Musayk's verses on the Day of al-Radm and on his journey to the Prophet
A nun-rhymed poem Farwa ibn Musayk al-Muradi composed on the Day of al-Radm: if they win they have long been winners and if beaten they are not the oft-beaten, cowardice is not their way, fortune turns by turns, and had kings lived forever so would they; and two verses he said when he set out for the Prophet, leaving the kings of Kinda. Ibn Hisham marks the first line and the phrase 'if we win' as from other than Ibn Ishaq and gives Abu Ubayda's reading of the second couplet.
Concept
The Weepers (al-bakka'un)
Seven men of the Ansar and others who came to the Prophet asking for mounts to join the Tabuk campaign; when he had nothing to carry them, they turned back with tears streaming down their faces.The army of hardship (jaysh al-usra)
The name Ibn Hisham records for the army of the Tabuk expedition, in a report about Uthman ibn Affan spending a thousand dinars on it.Staying behind from the Tabuk expedition
Ibn Ishaq's classification of those who did not march with the Prophet to Tabuk: bedouin asking to be excused, the weepers who found no mount, men who stayed behind without doubt such as Abu Khaythama, and the hypocrites and doubters by his description.
Place
al-Ji'rana
A settlement between Mecca and Ta'if where the Prophet halted the spoils and captives of Hunayn, received Hawazin's delegation and granted them general amnesty, distributed the shares to al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum, addressed the Ansar, and entered ihram for Umrah.al-Khandama
A rugged mountain on the edge of Mecca where resisters from Quraysh and Banu Bakr gathered under Safwan ibn Umayya, Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl, and Suhayl ibn Amr, and clashed with Khalid ibn al-Walid's column on the morning of the Conquest.al-Watir
A watering place of Khuza'a in lower Mecca where Banu al-Dil of Banu Bakr made the night attack that broke the Hudaybiyya truce.Awtas
A valley in the territory of Hawazin where Malik ibn Awf mustered the tribal confederation before Hunayn, and where the defeated remnants of Hawazin rallied under Durayd ibn al-Simma before being pursued by Abu Amir al-Ash'ari.Dhu Tuwa
A valley in lower Mecca where the Prophet halted the army, bowed his head in humility on his mount until his beard nearly touched the saddle, divided the columns for entry, and where Abu Quhafa was brought to embrace Islam.Marr al-Zahran
A major valley stage one stage north of Mecca (modern Wadi Fatima); there the ten-thousand-strong Muslim army encamped and lit ten thousand fires, Abu Sufyan was brought in by al-Abbas, and the tribes paraded in iron before the entry.Wadi Hunayn
A deep, hollow valley in the Tihama lowlands between Mecca and Ta'if with narrow gorges where the Hawazin confederation laid their ambush against the Muslim army in Shawwal 8 AH.
Screening Room
Alparslan: Büyük Selçuklu
2021 CE · 1442 AH†Turkish historical series on the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan and Manzikert; among the largest Turkish period productions after Ertuğrul.Al-Qadisiyya
1981 CE · 1401 AH†Salah Abu Seif's Egyptian epic on the Battle of al-Qadisiyya and the fall of the Sasanian empire — a classic of Egyptian conquest-era drama.Mendirman Jaloliddin
2021 CE · 1442 AH†Uzbek-Turkish series on Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah and his resistance to the Mongol invasion; a Central Asian production.Uyanış: Büyük Selçuklu
2020 CE · 1441 AH†Turkish series on Sultan Malikshah's Seljuk era, Hasan-i Sabbah and the Assassins; part of the Turkish historical wave.
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