Architecture

Family: Arts, economy and the world · 197 entries

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Event

• The rebuilding of the Kaaba

  c. 605 CEQuraysh's rebuilding of the Kaaba when Muhammad was thirty-five — a flood-weakened structure rebuilt with 'lawful money only' — and the arbitration over the Black Stone that he settled with the cloak solution.

Object

• Minbar of the Kutubiyya

  Marrakesh's inlaid wooden minbar (1137) — the finest surviving Islamic minbar, from Cordoba's Andalusi workshops.

• The Ardabil Carpet

  The most famous Islamic carpet in history (1539–40) — among the oldest dated carpets and the Safavid benchmark, at LACMA (its twin at the V&A).

• The Mshatta Facade

  The carved facade of the Umayyad desert palace in Jordan (744), gifted to Germany — the most famous early Islamic stone facade, in Berlin.

Building

• Qalawun complex

  Sultan Qalawun's Cairo complex (1285) — madrasa, hospital and domed tomb, the richest Mamluk ensemble on al-Mu'izz street.

• Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan

  A mosque and madrasa in Cairo; Sultan Hasan began building it in 757 AH, and al-Maqrizi says no mosque of the Muslims is known to resemble it.

• Khan el-Khalili

  Cairo's Mamluk market (1382) — coppersmiths', goldsmiths' and coffee lanes around al-Husayn; the most famous living eastern bazaar.

• Bibi-Khanym Mosque

  Timur's great mosque in Samarkand (1404) — among the largest of the Islamic world in its day.

• Gur-e Amir

  Timur's ribbed-blue-domed mausoleum in Samarkand (1404) — the Timurid prototype that inspired Mughal building in India.

• Grand Bazaar, Istanbul

  The world's oldest great covered market (1461) — 61 streets and four thousand shops in Ottoman Istanbul's heart.

• Süleymaniye Mosque

  Sinan's mosque for Suleiman the Magnificent in Istanbul (1557) — dome, four minarets and a full social complex; the classical Ottoman pinnacle.

• Selimiye Mosque, Edirne

  Sinan's masterpiece at Edirne (1575) — a 31.5-metre dome, for centuries the widest in Islam; the architect himself called it his masterwork.

• Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the Blue Mosque)

  Istanbul's six-minaret mosque (1616) facing Hagia Sophia — 'blue' for the twenty thousand Iznik tiles lining its walls.

• Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque

  Shah Abbas's private mosque in Isfahan (1619) — a minaret-less dome that shifts colour with the day; the most refined Safavid monument.

• Taj Mahal

  Shah Jahan's mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal at Agra (1632–53) — the most famous building of the Islamic world and the pinnacle of Mughal architecture.

• Jama Masjid, Delhi (Masjid-i Jahan-Numa)

  The great congregational mosque of Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi), built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan between 1644 and 1656 and inaugurated by its first imam Syed Abdul Ghafoor Shah Bukhari; it served as the Mughal imperial mosque until 1857.

• Spice Bazaar (Mısır Çarşısı)

  Istanbul's spice market (1664) beside the New Mosque — clove and cardamom since Ottoman days.

• Faisal Mosque

  Islamabad's desert-tent-shaped mosque (1986) by Vedat Dalokay — the world's fourth-largest mosque.

• Hassan II Mosque

  Casablanca's ocean-front mosque (1993) — the world's third-tallest minaret (210 m) and a 25,000-person prayer hall.

• Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

  Abu Dhabi's grand mosque (2007) — 82 domes and the world's largest hand-knotted prayer carpet; contemporary Islamic architecture's landmark.

• Great Mosque of Samarra

  The world's largest mosque of its age (851) with the spiral 'Malwiya' minaret in Abbasid Samarra.

• Mosque of Ibn Tulun

  Cairo's oldest intact mosque (879) — the famous spiral minaret in Samarran Abbasid style.

• Abu Dulaf Mosque, Samarra

  Draft card for the Abu Dulaf Mosque of Samarra, built by the Abbasid al-Mu'tamid about 860 with a smaller spiral minaret in the style of al-Mutawakkil's; the encyclopedia entry is not yet checked on the page.

• Great Mosque of Adana

  Draft card for the Great (Ulu) Mosque of Adana, built by the Ramazanid Khalil Bey in the sixteenth century in Mamluk-Seljuk style; the encyclopedia entry is not yet checked on the page.

• Ahi Çelebi Mosque, Istanbul

  An ancient Golden Horn mosque founded by Ahi Çelebi ibni Kemal, chief physician of the Fatih hospital, d. 1523; restored by Sinan, its seawater subsidence left a unique cave-low son cemaat yeri.

• al-Aqmar Mosque, Cairo

  al-Aqmar Mosque in Cairo, at the end of the candle-makers' market, with inscriptions on its gate threshold (al-Maqrizi, pp. 1063, 1131, 1132). Its founder and date are not checked locally.

• al-Attarine Madrasa, Fez

  Draft card for the al-Attarine Madrasa of Fez, the Marinid college built by Sultan Abu Said Uthman II in 1323 near the Qarawiyyin; a masterwork of Marinid architecture per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• al-Janad Mosque, Ta'izz

  Draft card for the al-Janad Mosque near Ta'izz in Yemen, traditionally founded by Mu'adh ibn Jabal and often rebuilt; among Yemen's oldest mosques per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• al-Mansur Mosque (Kasbah Mosque), Marrakesh

  Draft card for the al-Mansur (Kasbah) Mosque of Marrakesh, the Almohad mosque built by Ya'qub al-Mansur in the 1190s; a Marrakesh landmark per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Sultan al-Mu'ayyad Mosque, Cairo

  The mosque of Sultan al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh inside Bab Zuwayla, Cairo, built by al-Mu'ayyad on the site of Khizanat Shamail and the qaysariyya of Sanqur al-Ashqar, which was absorbed into it in 818 AH (al-Maqrizi, pp. 1535, 2143).

• al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque, Cairo Citadel

  Draft card for the mosque of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun in the Cairo Citadel, the royal Mamluk mosque founded in 1335 and rebuilt thereafter; a landmark of Mamluk Cairo per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• al-Umari Mosque, Bosra

  Draft card for the al-Umari Mosque of Bosra, traditionally founded under Umar ibn al-Khattab and counted among the oldest surviving mosques of Syria; the encyclopedia entry is not yet checked on the page.

• al-Zaytuna Mosque

  Draft card for the Zaytuna Mosque of Tunis, the Umayyad-Aghlabid congregational mosque that became the seat of Maliki learning in Ifriqiya; al-Muqaddasi describes it among the city's landmarks, the page not yet checked.

• Alaettin Bey Mosque, Bursa

  Bursa's oldest dated mosque (1335), honouring Orhan's brother and first vezir Alaettin Bey; a single-unit domed square whose minaret Kuran reckons the earliest in Ottoman architecture.

• Amir al-Maridani Mosque

  Draft card for the Amir al-Maridani Mosque in Cairo, built in 1340; one of Cairo's Mamluk mosques per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Arap Camii, Istanbul

  Draft card for Arap Camii (the Arab Mosque) in Galata, Istanbul, the former Latin church converted to a mosque and known for its pier-supported minaret; per the cited architecture survey, the page not yet checked.

• Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Draft card for the Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque of Istanbul, the sultanic mosque founded by the grand vizier in the late fifteenth century; an early Ottoman landmark per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Draft card for the Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque of Istanbul, the Byzantine church converted under Bayezid II; a conquest-era building per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Atik Valide Mosque, Üsküdar

  Imperial külliye Sinan built for valide sultan Nurbanu above Üsküdar, begun A.H. 978 and finished 991 (1583); his widest Istanbul complex after the Süleymaniye.

• Ayşe Kadın Mosque, Edirne

  A single-unit mosque built in 1468 for Ayşe Kadın, daughter of Mehmet I; a hemispherical dome of nearly eleven metres on squinches over an octagonal drum.

• Babri Masjid

  The Babri Masjid of Ayodhya, India, built in the Mughal era and demolished in 1992; subject of a major historical and legal dispute documented in scholarly compilations.

• Bayezid II Mosque, Istanbul

  The Bayezid II Mosque of Istanbul, completed 1506 CE; Freely cites it as the exemplar of the third stage of Ottoman mosque evolution, integrating the surrounding bays under half domes around the central space.

• Grand Bazaar of Isfahan

  Isfahan's bazaar around Naqsh-e Jahan square — the city's trading heart since Safavid times.

• Bazaar of Tabriz

  Tabriz's covered bazaar — the world's largest interconnected market complex, a UNESCO-listed Silk Road site.

• Beylerbeyi Mosque, Edirne

  Founded 1428 by Yusuf Pasha, beylerbeyi of Rumeli under Murat II; an axial-eyvan mosque with an ornate three-sided apse and fluted semidome over the mihrab area.

• Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque)

  The Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque) of Istanbul; Ahmed I directed the architect Mehmet Agha to begin it in 1609 on the eastern side of the ancient Hippodrome, completed 1616, with six minarets.

• Burmalı Camii, Istanbul

  A small mosque near the Şehzade built c.1550 by the kadi of Egypt Emin Nurettin Osman Efendi; famous for its spirally-ribbed brick minaret, unique in Istanbul.

• Bursa Grand Mosque (Ulu Cami)

  The Bursa Grand Mosque (Ulu Cami); built by Bayezid I in 1396-1399 CE, among the greatest Anatolian mosques of its age with its many-domed prayer hall.

• Büyükçekmece Bridge

  Sinan's 1566–7 bridge for Süleyman the Magnificent across the Büyükçekmece inlet on the Marmara: four linked spans totalling 28 arches.

• Cifte Minareli Madrasa, Erzurum

  Draft card for the Cifte Minareli (Twin-Minaret) Madrasa in Erzurum, the thirteenth-century Seljuk madrasa known for its ornamented twin minarets; the encyclopedia page not yet checked.

• Çinili Köşk, Istanbul

  The Tiled Pavilion built by Fatih in 1472 as an outer kiosk of Topkapı Sarayı; Persian in design, cruciform in plan, now housing the museum's tile collection.

• Darülhadis Mosque, Edirne

  Founded by Murat II in 1434 as a school of sacred tradition, then converted to a mosque by architect Koçu Ahmet; behind it the Açık Türbe and Şehzadeler Türbesi hold Murat's sons Hasan and Orhan.

• Davut Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Earliest dated extant mosque of Beyazit II's reign, Seventh Hill; Arabic inscription gives A.H. 480 (1485), built by grand vezir Davut Pasha.

• Derbent Juma Mosque

  Draft card for the Juma Mosque of Derbent, attributed to an eighth-century foundation after the Muslim capture of the city; among the oldest surviving mosques of the Caucasus per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Great Mosque of Divriği

  The Great Mosque of Divrigi in Anatolia; Kuran dates it to 1230 CE/AH 628 and counts it with the Ulucami of Erzurum among the monuments preceding classical Ottoman architecture.

• Bedesten of Edirne

  The covered market beside Eski Cami, built by Mehmet I right after the mosque; 14 domes over 36 strongrooms, its profits endowed the mosque's upkeep.

• Emir Sultan Mosque, Bursa

  Draft card for the Emir Sultan Mosque of Bursa, associated with the shaykh Emir Sultan al-Bukhari, son-in-law of Bayezid I, and repeatedly rebuilt; an Ottoman landmark of Bursa per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Eski Imaret Mosque

  Draft card for Eski Imaret Mosque in Istanbul, the Byzantine church identified with Pantepoptes that was converted to a mosque under the early Ottomans; per the cited architecture survey, the page not yet checked.

• Eski Mosque, Edirne

  Draft card for the Eski (Old) Mosque of Edirne, built under Mehmed I when Edirne was the Ottoman capital; per the cited architecture survey, the page not yet checked.

• Esrefoglu Mosque, Beysehir

  Draft card for the Esrefoglu Mosque of Beysehir near Konya, the wooden-columned hypostyle mosque built by the Eshrefid emir Suleiman Beg in 1299; among the greatest wooden mosques of Anatolia per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Fakhr al-Din Mosque, Mogadishu

  Draft card for the Fakhr al-Din Zinki Mosque of Mogadishu, built by Fakhr al-Din ibn Muhammad in 1269; among Somalia's oldest surviving mosques per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Fatih Mosque, Istanbul

  The Fatih Mosque of Istanbul; the great complex Mehmet the Conqueror began on the Fourth Hill about a decade after the conquest, built by the architect Atik Sinan; the original was destroyed in the 1766 earthquake and rebuilt.

• Fenari Isa Mosque

  Draft card for Fenari Isa Mosque in Istanbul, the former Byzantine Lips monastery complex converted to a mosque in Ottoman times; per the cited architecture survey, the page not yet checked.

• Firuz Aga Mosque, Istanbul

  Draft card for the Firuz Aga Mosque of Istanbul, the small mosque built by Bayezid II's treasurer near Hagia Sophia in 1491; an early Ottoman landmark per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Hamam of Gazi Mihal, Edirne

  Edirne's oldest hamam, inscription-dated 1406, built by the converted Greek nobleman Gazi Mihal at the east approach of his Tunca bridge; now a ruin.

• Gazi Mihal Mosque, Edirne

  An inscription-dated 1422 axial-eyvan mosque by Gazi Mihal; two ribbed-domed side chambers served as dervish hospices.

• Gedik Ahmet Pasha Hamam, Istanbul

  Istanbul's oldest functioning bath, built c.1475 by Gedik Ahmet Pasha, captor of Otranto; spacious domed soğukluk and cruciform hararet, restored and still used.

• Great Mosque of Djenné

  The Great Mosque of Djenne in Mali, the largest example of Sudano-Sahelian mud-brick architecture; the present building stands from the early twentieth century on the site of an older mosque.

• Great Mosque of Kilwa

  Draft card for the Great Mosque of Kilwa in Tanzania, the eleventh-century mosque extended in the thirteenth century and the oldest standing mosque on the Swahili coast; the encyclopedia page not yet checked.

• Great Mosque of Mahdia

  Draft card for the Great Mosque of Mahdia, the Fatimid mosque built in 916 in the dynasty's first capital; among Ifriqiya's oldest surviving mosques per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Great Mosque of Sousse

  Draft card for the Great Mosque of Sousse, the Aghlabid mosque built by Abu al-Abbas Muhammad I about 851; an early Ifriqiya landmark per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Great Mosque of Tarsus

  Draft card for the Great Mosque of Tarsus, the seventeenth-century mosque said to stand on the nucleus of an older Umayyad mosque in the city; the encyclopedia page not yet checked.

• Great Mosque of Tinmel

  Draft card for the Great Mosque of Tinmel in the High Atlas, the mosque built over Ibn Tumart's grave in the twelfth century and cradle of the Almohad call; a masterwork of Maghrebi architecture per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Great Mosque of Tlemcen

  Draft card for the Great Mosque of Tlemcen, the Almoravid mosque founded by Yusuf ibn Tashfin in 1082 and enriched by later dynasties; a masterwork of Maghrebi architecture per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Turbe of Gul Baba, Budapest

  Draft card for the turbe of Gul Baba in Budapest, the sixteenth-century Bektashi shrine that remains Hungary's best-known Ottoman monument; the encyclopedia entry is not yet checked on the page.

• Gul Mosque, Istanbul

  Draft card for the Gul (Rose) Mosque of Istanbul, a Byzantine church converted to a mosque in the Ottoman period; per the cited architecture survey, the page not yet checked.

• Güzelce Hasan Bey Mosque, Hayrabolu

  Built 1406 for a son-in-law of Beyazit I; preceded by one of the earliest avlus in Ottoman architecture, its domed entrance canopy unique per Kuran.

• Haci Bayram Mosque, Ankara

  Draft card for the Haci Bayram Mosque of Ankara, the fifteenth-century mosque beside the turba of Haji Bayram Veli next to the Temple of Augustus; a landmark of Ankara per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Hacı Şahabettin Mosque, Edirne

  The 'Cherry Mosque', inscription-dated 1436, founded by the vezir who commanded at Varna 1444 and the 1453 siege; noted for its unusual double mihrab, inside and on the porch.

• Hagia Sophia, Iznik

  Draft card for Hagia Sophia of Iznik (Nicaea), the Byzantine church famed for the second council of Nicaea, converted to a mosque under the Ottomans and later a monument, per the cited survey; the page not yet checked.

• Hammouda Pacha Mosque, Tunis

  Draft card for the Hammouda Pacha Mosque of Tunis, built by the Muradid bey in 1655 with its turba and madrasa; a landmark of the old city per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Hamza Bey Mosque, Bursa

  A mid-15th-century Bursa mosque founded by Hamza Bey (d. 1461); cross-axial eyvan plan with the founder's octagonal türbe and a family türbe beside it.

• Haseki Hürrem Mosque, Istanbul

  Sinan's first monumental Istanbul complex, built for Süleyman's wife Haseki Hürrem (Roxelana): mosque, medrese and mektep 1538–9, imaret 1548–9, hospital completed 1558.

• Hirami Ahmed Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Draft card for the Hirami Ahmed Pasha Mosque of Istanbul, a small Byzantine church converted to a mosque by the grand vizier in the sixteenth century, per the cited survey; the page not yet checked.

• Hüdavendigâr Mosque, Edirne

  Earliest of Edirne's imperial mosques; Kuran argues Murat I Hüdavendigâr built it soon after the 1369 capture of Adrianople, on and from the ruins of a Greek church.

• Hurmalı Han and Balkapan Han, Istanbul

  The two oldest commercial buildings on the Golden Horn shore, believed Byzantine; beneath Balkapan Han lie great herringbone brick vaults of c.2,000 m² — ancient granaries of the old market quarter.

• İbrahim Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Per the Hadikat-ül Cevami founded in A.H. 883 (1478) by Çandarlı İbrahim Pasha, Beyazit II's grand vezir; its medrese/mektep/hamam lost, the mosque long ruined then restored in the 1960s.

• İbrahim Pasha Palace, Istanbul

  The largest palace the Ottomans ever built, erected by Süleyman c.1520 and given to grand vezir İbrahim Pasha in 1524; since its 1960s restoration it houses the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art.

• Ilyas Bey Mosque, Balat

  Draft card for the Ilyas Bey Mosque of Balat (ancient Miletus), the Mentese emirate mosque built in 1404; a beylik-era landmark per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Isa Bey Mosque, Selcuk

  Draft card for the Isa Bey Mosque of Selcuk near Ephesus, built by the Aydinid emir in 1375; among the masterworks of beylik-era Anatolian architecture per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• İshak Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Built 1486 by İshak Pasha, vezir of Fatih and grand vezir of Beyazit II, just outside Topkapı's walls; a simple domed square whose once-grand double hamam across the street is partly ruined.

• Jameh Mosque of Saveh

  Draft card for the Jameh Mosque of Saveh in Iran, a congregational mosque whose core dates to the Seljuk era with later rebuilding; the encyclopedia page not yet checked.

• Jeni Mosque, Thessaloniki

  Draft card for the Jeni (Yeni) Mosque of Thessaloniki, the Ottoman mosque built by the city's mayor Ahmad ibn Qadi Geladros in the late fifteenth century; the page not yet checked.

• Kalan Mosque, Bukhara

  Draft card for the Kalan (Kalon) Mosque of Bukhara, the great congregational mosque rebuilt by the Shaybanid Ubayd Allah Khan in 1514 on the site of an older Qarakhanid mosque; the encyclopedia entry is not yet checked on the page.

• Kalenderhane Mosque

  Draft card for Kalenderhane Mosque in Istanbul, the Byzantine church of Theotokos Kyriotissa converted to a mosque in early Ottoman times; per the cited architecture survey, the page not yet checked.

• Kantarcılar Mescidi, Istanbul

  The 'Scale-Makers' mescit' of Fatih's reign, founded by Sarı Demirci Mevlana Mehmet Muhittin; named for the guild Evliya Çelebi records marching from here in 1636.

• Kara Ahmet Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  A Sinan mosque on the Seventh Hill near Top Kapı, begun 1558 for Gazi Kara Ahmet Pasha, the grand vezir executed in 1555.

• Kara Davut Pasha Mosque, Üsküdar

  A little-known Üsküdar mosque probably from the very start of Beyazit II's reign; a wide shallow prayer hall under three equal-diameter domes — a plan perhaps unique in Istanbul.

• Karadzozbey Mosque, Mostar

  Draft card for the Karadzozbey Mosque of Mostar, the sixteenth-century Ottoman mosque built by Mehmed Bey ibn Karagoz and the best known of Bosnia's mosques; per the cited architecture survey, the page not yet checked.

• Kasım Pasha Mosque, Edirne

  Built 1478 by Evliya Kasım Pasha, vezir under Murat II and Mehmet II; a dressed-stone single unit with an 11-metre dome on high squinches, partially restored in 1964.

• Kazancılar Mosque, Istanbul

  The 'Mosque with Three Mihrabs', founded by Hoca Hayrettin in 1475, enlarged by Fatih and the founder's daughter-in-law till it had three mihrabs; dome on a high blind triangular-worked drum.

• Kilic Ali Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Draft card for the Kilic Ali Pasha Mosque at Tophane, Istanbul, completed by Sinan for the admiral in 1580; a landmark of classical Ottoman architecture per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Imperial Mosque, Pristina

  Draft card for the Imperial (Sultan Mehmed Fatih) Mosque of Pristina, founded by Mehmed II in 1461; among the noted Ottoman monuments of the Balkans per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Kürkçü Hanı, Istanbul

  The city's oldest han, part of Mahmut Pasha's foundation contemporary with his mosque; furriers still keep shops at its entrance; two courtyards, the first with c.45 rooms per floor and a central mosque.

• Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Draft card for the Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque of Istanbul, a Byzantine church-monastery (said to be St Andrew in Krisei) converted after the conquest in the late fifteenth century, per the cited survey; the page not yet checked.

• Küçük Ayasofya Mosque (Saints Sergius and Bacchus)

  The Kucuk Ayasofya Mosque of Istanbul; the Byzantine church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus erected by Justinian shortly before Haghia Sophia, converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest; its inscribed-octagon plan was a prototype for Ottoman mosque plans.

• Kukeldash Madrasa, Bukhara

  Draft card for the Kukeldash Madrasa in Bukhara, built by the amir Qul Baba Kukeldash about 1569; among the largest madrasas of Central Asia per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Kumrulu Mescit, Istanbul

  The 'Turtle Dove' mescit on the Fifth Hill built by Atik Sinan, Fatih's Chief Architect and designer of the original Fatih Camii; his tombstone dated 1471 stands in its garden.

• Laleli Mosque, Istanbul

  The Laleli Mosque ('Lily Mosque') of Istanbul on the Third Hill; founded by Mustafa III and built 1759-1763 CE by Mehmet Tahir Ağa, whom Freely calls perhaps the best of the baroque mosque architects.

• Malwiya Minaret

  Draft card for the Malwiya Minaret of the Great Mosque of Samarra, the spiral minaret built by al-Mu'tasim in the ninth century; among the most famous monuments of Abbasid architecture per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Mesih Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  1585 mosque on the Fourth Hill for eunuch Mesih Pasha; Kuran argues Davut Ağa built it under Sinan's commission.

• Mezid Bey Mosque, Edirne

  Founded 1441 by Murat II's general Mezit Bey, killed that same year in Wallachia against John Hunyadi; a porchless cross-axial eyvan mosque, now abandoned but structurally intact.

• Mihrimah Edirnekapı Mosque

  The Mihrimah Sultan Mosque on Istanbul's Sixth Hill by the Edirne Gate; the second of the two complexes Sinan built for Mihrimah, Suleyman the Magnificent's daughter, completed in 1565 CE.

• Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, Uskudar

  Draft card for the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque at Uskudar opposite Istanbul, designed by Sinan in the 1540s for the daughter of Suleiman; a landmark of classical Ottoman architecture per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Molla Gurani Mosque, Istanbul

  Draft card for the Molla Gurani Mosque of Istanbul, the Byzantine church converted by Molla Gurani under Mehmed II; a conquest-era landmark per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Mosque of Cristo de la Luz (Bab Mardum), Toledo

  Draft card for the Bab Mardum mosque of Toledo ('Cristo de la Luz'), the small late-tenth-century mosque later converted to a church; among the best-preserved Andalusi monuments per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Moti Masjid, Red Fort, Delhi

  Draft card for the Moti (Pearl) Mosque of Delhi's Red Fort, the small marble mosque Aurangzeb built for the palace prayer in the seventeenth century; per the cited Mughal history, the page not yet checked.

• Muradiye Mosque, Bursa

  Murat II's külliye of 1424-6, the last imperial complex in Bursa; mosque, medrese, imaret and the sultan's open-air türbe.

• Muradiye Mosque, Edirne

  Imperial mosque on an isolated Edirne hilltop founded by Murat II in 1435 as a dervish hostel, later a mosque; mihrab among the finest early Iznik tilework.

• Murat Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Second-oldest veziral mosque, on the Seventh Hill; built 1469 by Hass Murat Pasha (a Palaeologue convert) in the Bursa style.

• Mustafa Pasha Mosque, Skopje

  Draft card for the Mustafa Pasha Mosque above Skopje's Old Bazaar, a noted late-fifteenth-century Ottoman monument of the Balkans per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Muttrah Souq

  Muscat's old corniche souq — frankincense, spices and daggers since the maritime-trade centuries.

• Imaret of Nilüfer Hatun, İznik

  Built by Murat I in 1388 for his mother Nilüfer Hatun; first an Ahi brotherhood hostel, then a public soup kitchen, today the İznik Museum.

• Nişancı Mehmet Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Fine classical mosque on the Fifth Hill built 1584-88 for the Lord Privy Seal; popularly ascribed to Sinan but not in his Tezkere.

• Nuruosmaniye Mosque

  The Nuruosmaniye Mosque of Istanbul on the Second Hill east of the Covered Bazaar; the first great Ottoman mosque in the baroque style, begun by Mahmut I in 1748 and finished by his successor in 1755 CE.

• Nusretiye Mosque, Istanbul

  Tophane mosque built 1822-26 by Kirkor Balyan for Mahmut II, dedicated to the annihilation of the janissaries (the Auspicious Event).

• Orhan Gazi Mosque, Bursa

  Bursa's first imperial mosque, begun 1339, burned by the Karamanid emir in 1413 and rebuilt; Kuran's example of the cross-axial eyvan mosque.

• Osman Shah Mosque, Trikala

  Draft card for the Osman Shah Mosque of Trikala, the mid-sixteenth-century Ottoman mosque attributed to the early Seljuk-Ottoman idiom; the page not yet checked.

• Mosque of Pasha Qasim, Pecs

  Draft card for the Mosque of Pasha Qasim in Pecs, Hungary, the best-known surviving Ottoman monument of Hungary, now a church retaining its dome and mihrab, of the late sixteenth century per the cited survey; the page not yet checked.

• Piyale Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  1573 mosque at Kasım Pasha for admiral Piyale Mehmet Pasha; unique in the classical age for reverting to the multi-domed Ulu Cami type.

• Sultan Qaytbay Complex, Cairo

  Draft card for the Sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay funerary complex in Cairo's Northern Cemetery, the madrasa, dome and sabil built in 1474; among the finest surviving Mamluk buildings per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Qingjing Mosque, Quanzhou

  Draft card for the Qingjing (Ashab) Mosque of Quanzhou, built by Muslim merchants in 1009; among China's oldest surviving mosques per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Queen Arwa Mosque, Jibla

  Draft card for the Queen Arwa Mosque in Jibla, Yemen, built in the eleventh century; a landmark of Sulayhid Yemen per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Registan, Samarkand

  Samarkand's square ringed by three Timurid madrasas (15th–17th c.) — Central Asia's most famous tile-covered scholastic ensemble.

• Rum Mehmet Pasha Mosque, Üsküdar

  1471 Üsküdar mosque by Rum Mehmet Pasha, the converted grand vezir executed by the Conqueror in 1472; most Byzantine-looking of the city's early mosques.

• Rüstem Pasha Caravansarai, Edirne

  Sinan's vast 1560–1 han for Süleyman's grand vezir and son-in-law Rüstem Pasha: the 73-room Büyük Han warehouse plus the Küçük Han travellers' hospice, both two-storeyed around porticoed courts.

• Rüstem Pasha Mosque

  The Rustem Pasha Mosque of Istanbul, one of the most beautiful of Sinan's vezirial mosques, standing in the ancient market quarter above the Galata Bridge; its foundation charter records its building in 968 AH/1561 CE, the year Rustem Pasha died.

• Saatlı Medrese, Edirne

  The 'Medrese with a Clock' of Murat II's reign; its huge entryway recalls thirteenth-century Seljuk Anatolia, with domed dershane and mescit around a porticoed courtyard.

• Sağrıcılar Mosque, Istanbul

  Probably Istanbul's oldest mosque, founded 1455 by Yavuz Ersinan, Fatih's standard-bearer and ancestor of Evliya Çelebi, born in the adjoining house; beside it the folk-saint Horoz Dede's grave.

• Şahmelek Pasha Mosque, Edirne

  A single-unit mosque built in 1428 by the blind Şahmelek Pasha, a leading figure under Mehmet I and Murat II; the founder rests in a simple open türbe abutting it.

• Samanveren Mosque, Istanbul

  The 'Inspector of Straw's mosque', built by Sinan Ağa in Fatih's time; raised over a vaulted ground floor, its minaret's arcaded müezzin loggia replaces a şerefe.

• Sandal Bedesten, Istanbul

  The new market hall Beyazit II added to the Covered Bazaar amid his reign's economic growth; twenty domes in five rows on twelve piers, larger than Fatih's Old Bedesten.

• Şehzade Mosque

  The Shehzade Mosque of Istanbul; a complex Suleyman the Magnificent ordered in memory of his son Shehzade Mehmet, who died of smallpox in 1543; Sinan built it 1544-1548 and called it his 'apprentice work'.

• Selçuk Hatun Mosque, Istanbul

  Founded by Selçuk Hatun, daughter of Mehmet I and aunt of the Conqueror, who died 1485; rebuilt by chief eunuch Abbas Ağa after a fire, demolished and re-erected nearby when Millet Caddesi was widened in 1956.

• Selimiye Mosque, Üsküdar

  Baroque mosque behind the Selimiye Barracks in Üsküdar built by Selim III in 1803-4 for the barracks troops; the last pure baroque mosque.

• Semiz Ali Pasha Arasta, Edirne

  A ~300-metre covered market arcade built by Sinan in 1568 for grand vezir Semiz Ali Pasha; 126 vaulted shops, repaired after a 1992 fire.

• Semsi Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Draft card for the Semsi Ahmed Pasha Mosque in Uskudar, the small mosque Sinan designed in 1580; a Sinan landmark per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Türbe of Şeyh Vefa, Istanbul

  Survival of Şeyh Muslihiddin Vefa's külliye — the scholar who devoted himself to the poor; his 1491-dated türbe is a still-venerated shrine that gave the Vefa district its name.

• Sidi Mahrez Mosque, Tunis

  Draft card for the Sidi Mahrez Mosque of Tunis, the domed Ottoman-style mosque built in the late seventeenth century; a Tunis landmark per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Sinan Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Draft card for the Sinan Pasha Mosque of Besiktas, Istanbul, designed by the architect Sinan for the kapudan Sinan Pasha in the mid-sixteenth century; per the cited architecture survey, the page not yet checked.

• Sinan Pasha Mosque, Prizren

  Draft card for the Sinan Pasha Mosque of Prizren in Kosovo, the Ottoman mosque built by Sinan Pasha in the early seventeenth century; per the cited architecture survey, the page not yet checked.

• Sitti Hatun Mosque, Edirne

  A single-unit mosque erected 1482 for Sitti Hatun, the Turcoman princess married to the future Mehmet II, who stayed behind in Edirne and was buried behind her mosque in 1485.

• Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Külliye, Lüleburgaz

  The most impressive complex on the Edirne–Istanbul road, built by Sinan in 1569–71 for Sokollu Mehmet Pasha: mosque, medrese, darülkura, hamam and caravansarai.

• Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque

  The Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque of Istanbul on the Marmara slope of the First Hill at Kadirga Limani, among the most beautiful of Sinan's smaller mosques; built in 979 AH/1571-1572 CE by the grand vezir Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and his wife Esma Han Sultan, daughter of Selim II.

• Al-Hamidiyah Souq

  Damascus's covered souq running straight to the Umayyad Mosque — the main market of the oldest living city.

• Sulayman Pasha al-Khadim Mosque, Cairo Citadel

  Draft card for the Sulayman Pasha al-Khadim Mosque in Cairo's Citadel, built in 1528 as Egypt's first mosque in full Ottoman style; the encyclopedia entry is not yet checked on the page.

• Medrese of Süleyman Pasha, İznik

  The first Ottoman building designed as a medrese, built by Orhan's son Süleyman Pasha soon after the conquest of Nicaea; a porticoed courtyard with cells and an off-centre dershane.

• Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul

  The great imperial mosque-külliye Sinan built for Süleyman the Magnificent in 1550-57; per Freely the most important Ottoman building in Istanbul.

• Süleymaniye Mosque, Edirne

  Built 1548 by Gazi Süleyman Pasha, a vezir of Süleyman the Magnificent; domed-square mosque whose minaret has vanished, leaving the porch's red-and-white voussoired columns and arches.

• Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar, Merv

  Draft card for the mausoleum of Sultan Ahmad Sanjar at Merv, the domed tomb built in the 1140s; among the surviving Seljuk monuments of Turkmenistan per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Tahtakale Hamamı, Istanbul

  A huge double bath of Fatih's age on the Scale-Makers' avenue; its near-square 16.7-metre camekân under a great dome, restored and converted to a shopping mall.

• Tarikhaneh Mosque, Damghan

  Draft card for the Tarikhaneh of Damghan, the Sasanian-columned building converted into a mosque in the ninth century; among Iran's oldest surviving mosques per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Three Doors Mosque, Kairouan

  Draft card for the Three Doors (Ibn Khayrun) Mosque of Kairouan, built by Muhammad ibn Khayrun al-Mu'afiri in 866 with the earliest carved facade in Islamic architecture; the encyclopedia entry is not yet checked on the page.

• Timurtaş Mosque, Istanbul

  Near-twin of Samanveren Camii from Fatih's age; built over a vaulted ground floor, its enclosed balcony-less minaret has four grilled openings for the müezzin.

• Tomb of Askia

  The tomb at Gao, Mali attributed to Askia Muhammad, sultan of Songhay, among the chief remains of the Songhay empire's mud-brick architecture of the late fifteenth century.

• Uc Serefeli Mosque, Edirne

  Draft card for the Uc Serefeli (Three-Balcony) Mosque of Edirne, Murad II's mosque famed for its great minaret; a hinge of pre-conquest Ottoman architecture per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Uzunköprü Bridge

  The 'Long Bridge' that names the town, built for Murat II in 1444 by Hacı Ivaz Pasha across the Ergene: 1,392 metres carried on 173 arches.

• Yakutiye Medrese, Erzurum

  Draft card for the Yakutiye Medrese in Erzurum, built in 1310 under the Ilkhanids; a city landmark per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Yarhisar Mosque, Istanbul

  Probably the city's second-oldest mosque after Sağrıcılar, built 1461 for Fatih's judge Musliheddin Efendi; gutted in the 1917 fire, restored 1954–6.

• Yatağan Mosque, Istanbul

  A Fatih-era mosque on the Sixth Hill inside the old walls, built by artillery general Hacı İlyas Ağa; rectangular, wooden-roofed with wooden porch and gallery.

• Yavaşça Şahin Mosque, Istanbul

  Early mosque by Yavaşça Şahin Pasha, a captain in Fatih's fleet; of the two-domed-porch group with off-centre portal; burned 1908, restored 1950.

• Yavuz Selim Mosque, Istanbul

  Draft card for the Yavuz Selim Mosque on Istanbul's fifth hill, the sultanic mosque associated with Selim I and finished under Suleiman; an early landmark of classical Ottoman architecture per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Yedikule, Istanbul

  The Castle of the Seven Towers on the Marmara walls: four Theodosian towers plus three added by the Conqueror, enclosing the Golden Gate; Ottoman state prison where Osman II was executed in 1622.

• Yeni Cami (New Mosque of the Valide Sultan), Istanbul

  The Eminönü New Mosque on the Golden Horn, built in two phases: begun 1597 under valide Safiye, completed 1665 under Turhan Hadice.

• Yesil Mosque, Bursa

  Draft card for the Yesil (Green) Mosque of Bursa, built for Sultan Mehmed I and famed for its green tilework; a landmark of early Ottoman architecture per the cited survey, the page not yet checked.

• Yesil Mosque, Iznik

  Draft card for the Yesil (Green) Mosque of Iznik, built by the vizier Candarli Haydar Pasha in 1392 with its famous turquoise-tiled minaret; among the earliest surviving Ottoman mosques per the cited encyclopedia, the page not yet checked.

• Yıldırım Bayezid Mosque, Bursa

  Bayezid I's imperial külliye of 1390–6 on a hilltop east of Bursa; it lost both minarets (1855, 1949) and shows the first 'Bursa arch' in Ottoman architecture.

• Yivli Minare Mosque, Antalya

  Draft card for the Yivli Minare (fluted-minaret) Mosque of Antalya, the Seljuk foundation of Ala al-Din Kayqubad in the thirteenth century famed for its brick fluted minaret, per the cited survey; the page not yet checked.

• Zal Mahmud Pasha Mosque, Istanbul

  Draft card for the Zal Mahmud Pasha Mosque at Eyup, Istanbul, counted among Sinan's finest late-sixteenth-century works per the cited survey; the page not yet checked.

Concept

• Alcazar (from the Arabic al-qasr, castle in Spanish)

  Alcazar, a Spanish word from the Arabic al-qasr, meaning castle or citadel. The Alcazars of Seville, Cordova, Segovia and Toledo are famous, and the name is also used for many places, among them Alcazar de San Juan and Alcazarquivir, the Spanish name of Ksar al-Kabir in Morocco.

• Arabesque

  The interlaced vegetal ornament that became the signature of Islamic art, flowing across stucco, stone, wood and manuscripts.

• Girih

  Islamic geometric strapwork building stars and polygons from interlacing bands; widespread in Seljuk and Safavid architecture, based on girih tiles.

• Islamic geometric patterns

  Repeating geometric patterns of stars, polygons and lattices covering Islamic architecture and art from Andalusia to Central Asia.

• Mamluk carpets

  Fifteenth–sixteenth-century Egyptian Mamluk carpets with central geometric medallions; among the rarest Islamic carpet types.

• Minaret

  Minaret.

• Mosque

  Mosque.

• Mihrab

  Mihrab.

• Minbar

  Minbar.

• Muqarnas

  The Islamic architectural element of honeycomb, stalactite-like cells articulating vaults, domes and mihrabs; a signature of Islamic architecture.

• Sebka

  A lozenge-net ornament in Maghrebi and Andalusian architecture covering walls and minarets; a mark of the Marinid style.

• The utum (tower-fortresses) of Yathrib

  An utm is a high fortified tower; pre-Hijra Yathrib was a town of separate towers rather than contiguous houses — Ibn al-Najjar counts fifty-nine utum for the Jews and thirteen for the Arabs settled among them before the Aws and Khazraj, and Ibn Zabala names many. Al-Samhudi names several: the Shab'an tower of Banu 'Ukka in Thamgh of 'Umar's endowment, the Shar'i tower of the Shawt folk below Dhubab, the Walij tower by its end toward Qanat, the two 'Shaykhan' towers held by Jews at the depression of the mosque where the Prophet prayed marching to Uhud, and the two towers of the Zabala folk by Abu'l-Hurra's mound. Among the Aws–Khazraj towers after the Jews' subjugation: 'Waqim', built by Banu Abd al-Ashhal for Hudayr ibn Simak and giving its name to the quarter; 'al-Ra'l' of Sakhra umm Banu Abd al-Ashhal, their battle-pride at Bu'ath; 'al-Musayyir' of Banu Haritha, in which they were besieged; and 'al-Rayyan' of Banu Mujadhdhi'a ibn Haritha by their mosque in their second quarter.

Person

• Atik Sinan

  Draft card for Atik Sinan, the fifteenth-century architect of the Fatih mosque complex, d. 1471; the source entry is not yet checked on the page.

• Mimar Davud Agha

  Draft card for Mimar Davud Agha, the sixteenth-century Ottoman court architect, d. 1598; the source entry is not yet checked on the page.

• Mimar Hayruddin

  Draft card for Mimar Hayruddin, the sixteenth-century Ottoman architect, student of Mimar Sinan, who built the Mostar bridge; the source entry is not yet checked on the page.

• Sedefkar Mehmed Agha

  Draft card for Sedefkar Mehmed Agha, the Ottoman imperial architect and pupil of Sinan who built the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in early seventeenth-century Istanbul, d. 1617; the survey entry is not yet checked on the page.

Place

• Chandni Chowk

  Old Delhi's market designed by Shah Jahan and Jahan Ara (1650) — the Mughal trading centre beside the Jama Masjid.

Screening Room

• Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World

  2011 CE · 1432 AH†Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World.

What is missing? Tell us · A theme is open when it has a reviewed guide, 10 questions, 25 entries across 5 classes, and voices from several traditions and regions.

Controversial topics

• Sexuality and gender diversity
• Converts and those who leave
• Images and figural art
• Takfir and its critics
• Dissent, heresy and freethought
• Conquest and its debates
• Violent extremism and the Muslim response
• Islam and atheism or secular thought