Philosophy and logic
Family: Knowledge: science, medicine, astronomy and the rest · 35 entries
Entries on this theme
Person
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
c. 980 CE · c. 370 AHPersian polymath (c. 980–1037) whose Canon of Medicine and Book of Healing shaped medicine and philosophy across the Islamic world and Europe for centuries.Umar Khayyam
1048 CE · 439 AHA mathematician, astronomer, philosopher and poet. Little is known of his life.al-Khunaji Afdal al-Din Muhammad
1194 CE · 590 AHScholar of medicine, philosophy and logic of Persian origin; born 590 AH (1194 CE) and died 646 AH (1248 CE).Al-Abhari, Athir al-Din al-Mufaddal ibn Umar
One of the best-known scholars of Islamic thought in logic, astronomy and mathematics. The nisba al-Abhari refers to the town of Abhar; his birthplace is not firmly established.al-Abili, Abu Abd Allah
1282 CE · 681 AHMaghribi scholar of logic and the rational sciences; Ibn Khaldun attended his lessons in Tunis.Ibn Khaldun
1332 CE · 732 AHAbd al-Rahman b. Muhammad b. Khaldun al-Hadrami, author of the Muqaddima and the Kitab al-'Ibar (d. 808 AH).Al-Sharif al-Jurjani, Ali ibn Muhammad
1340 CE · 740 AHA scholar of philosophy, logic, theology and rhetoric, born in Taju and known as al-Sharif al-Jurjani.Al-Barjandi, Nizam al-Din Abd al-Ali
From Barjand in Khurasan, born in the middle of the ninth century AH.Francis Bacon
1561 CE · 968 AH†English thinker (1561–1626 as printed in the book) whose New Organon proposed the inductive, experimental method for the natural sciences; al-Azhar's book presents him as a founder of modern scientific method.René Descartes
1596 CE · 1004 AH†French philosopher and mathematician (1596–1650 as printed in the book), presented in al-Azhar's history of philosophy as a founder of modern thought for his break with Aristotle, his method of doubt and intuition, and his proof of God.Mustafa Hilmi
1904 CE · 1322 AHOne of the pioneers of philosophical studies in Egypt and the Arab world.Najib Baladi
1907 CE · 1324 AHOne of the first cohort at the Egyptian University and a pioneer of contemporary Arab philosophical thought.Sulayman Sulayman Khamis
1913 CE · 1331 AH†Egyptian Azhari scholar (1913–1971) and professor in the faculty of Usul al-Din; author of the book From Greek Philosophy to Modern Philosophy, and of works on creed and on the history of Islamic thought.Abd al-Rahman Badawi
1917 CE · 1336 AHAn Egyptian professor of philosophy and one of the most important historians of Arab philosophy. He helped establish philosophical study in the Arab world.Abu al-Wafa al-Ghunaymi al-Taftazani
1930 CE · 1348 AHBorn in Kafr al-Ghunaymi in the Sharqiyya governorate of Egypt. He studied Islamic philosophy and Sufism.Abu Abdallah al-Natili
Draft card for Abu Abdallah al-Natili, the early eleventh-century philosopher and physician; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.Abu Ya'qub Ishaq al-Sijzi
An Ismaili dai and one of the sect's most important authors; his books are the main source for the philosophical wing of Ismailism in the 4th/10th century. The article doubts that he is the Abu Ya'qub of Rayy named in the Fihrist.Aqa Husayn al-Khwansari
Draft card for Aqa Husayn al-Khwansari, the seventeenth-century philosopher, d. 1687; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.Muhammad Mahdi al-Naraqi
Draft card for Muhammad Mahdi al-Naraqi, the eighteenth-century Iranian mathematician and theologian, d. 1795; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.Muhammad Sadiq al-Ardistani
Draft card for Muhammad Sadiq al-Ardistani, the eighteenth-century Safavid philosopher of Iran, d. 1721; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.Mulla Hamza Gilani
Draft card for Mulla Hamza Gilani, the eighteenth-century Iranian philosopher, d. 1721; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.Najm al-Din al-Katibi al-Qazwini
Draft card for Najm al-Din Ali ibn Umar al-Katibi al-Qazwini, the thirteenth-century logician and astronomer author of Hikmat al-Ayn and al-Risala al-Shamsiyya, d. 1277; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.Qazi Sa'id Qumi
Draft card for Qadi Sa'id Qumi, the seventeenth-century Safavid philosopher and mystic, d. 1692; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.Qutb al-Din al-Razi
Draft card for Qutb al-Din Muhammad al-Razi, the fourteenth-century logician and philosopher author of Tahrir al-Qawa'id, d. 1365; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.Sadr al-Din al-Dashtaki
Draft card for Sadr al-Din Muhammad al-Dashtaki al-Shirazi, the fifteenth-century philosopher of Shiraz, d. 1498; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.Sayyid Ahmad al-Alavi
Draft card for Sayyid Ahmad ibn Zayn al-Abidin al-Alavi al-Amili, the seventeenth-century Safavid philosopher, d. 1650; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.
Work
Theologus Autodidactus
Ibn al-Nafis's philosophical tale of a child who deduces religion and science alone on an island — the earliest complete philosophical novel, a root of science fiction.The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
A book by Muhammad Iqbal in a preface and seven lectures, in which he tries to reconstruct Muslim religious philosophy in the light of its philosophical tradition and of modern knowledge. Lecture I asks how knowledge and religious experience relate and proposes two tests for the claims that experience makes.
Concept
Wisdom (al-hikma)
Sha'rawi holds that the root sense of hikma is the bit placed in a horse's mouth to control it, that calling God wise means He sets each thing within its frame and limits, and that wisdom is for each thing to do what is required of it skilfully.Fu'ad and qalb (the heart as insight)
Two Qur'anic words, fu'ad and qalb, used for an inner faculty of insight that sees and understands and through which a person reaches aspects of reality that the senses alone do not reach. Muhammad Iqbal places it beside sense-perception in Lecture I, and reads it as a way of dealing with reality rather than a special hidden faculty.The world's createdness or eternity
The eternity debate as al-Mas'udi stages it: Indian and Greek eternalists' great-year recurrence, the naturalists' hot-wet generation against cold-dry corruption, then his own kalam proof from the world's finite parts to a formless Maker — followed by the peoples' world-ages: the Jews' scriptural six thousand years, the Christians' agreement, and the Sabians' Greek doctrine.Religious experience
The inner experience on which faith rests, in the view of Muhammad Iqbal. In Lecture I he treats it as one of the data of human experience, not reducible to the data of natural science, whose claims must be tested by the standards of knowledge in general.The planets' reign and the world's cycles
The astronomers' doctrine of world-cycles: Virgo now reigns 7,000 years — this world's age — Jupiter assisting; when the governing planet completes its full course the world ends, the cycle returns to the first, persons and forms recur with their matter, and so forever — Aries' reign 12,000 years, Taurus' 11,000.The transmigration of souls
The doctrine al-Mas'udi reports from the early Greek and Indian philosophers — Plato among them — that the soul is a self-knowing, body-managing substance whose 'death' is its managed passage from body to body.Tests of religious experience: intellectual and pragmatic
Two criteria that Muhammad Iqbal proposes for weighing the claims of religious experience: an intellectual test, a critical interpretation asking whether the claim leads to a reality of the same character as the experience reveals; and a pragmatic test, judging the experience by its fruits. He assigns the first to the philosopher and the second to the prophet, and says he will apply the intellectual test in Lecture II.
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