Timur's Event at Damascus in 803 AH

كائنة تيمور بدمشق سنة 803هـ

c. 1401 CE · 803 AH

In 803 Timur, master of Transoxiana, Khurasan and Baghdad, took Aleppo in Rabi' I with unspeakable deeds, then turned to Damascus in Rabi' II and encamped from Darayya to Qatana, ringed the city, and trod captives beneath the mounts until the notables came out pleading quarter; he feasted, robed and honoured them, proclaimed safety, and hanged a soldier who looted the bazaar atop the Seed-Market — so the gates opened. He entered through Bab al-Saghir and prayed Friday at the Umayyad mosque, where his Mu'tazili imam Abd al-Jabbar debated Damascus's jurists on Ali's wars and Husayn's killing — 'if the Damascenes sanctioned it they are unbelievers, else rebels: how then do they stand?' The Citadel held out forty days till a wooden siege-tower was burned by fire-arrows and rebuilt; on its surrender Timur licensed plunder, slaughter and burning — women and children enslaved, torments inflicted for days, the buildings torched until all burned, then he departed 1.

Depth

At a glance

Era
The Mongol and Post-Mongol Era
Region
Levant & Iraq
Review
Draft Completeness 2/5 · Help complete it

In time

139014001410 c.
The Crusades, Ayyubids and Mamluks · The Mongol and Post-Mongol Era

Overview

Ibn Imad relates that in 803 AH Timur took Khwarazm, Transoxiana, Samarqand, Khurasan, Herat and others, then besieged Aleppo in Rabi al-Awwal and took it. He then moved to Damascus in Rabi al-Akhir and camped outside it. 2

Safety and disputation

The notables of the city came out asking for safety; he honoured them and proclaimed safety in the city. A sum was imposed on its people in return for safety and distributed over the quarters. Timur prayed the Friday prayer in the Umayyad Mosque. Then a disputation took place between his imam Abd al-Jabbar and the jurists of Damascus about the events of Ali, Mu'awiya, Yazid and Husayn; some of their answers were accepted and some rejected. 2

The citadel

The siege of the citadel grew severe, and catapults were fired at it. Timur built a wooden fort, which burned from a fire-tipped arrow. Its people surrendered it after forty days, on terms of safety. 2

The plunder

Ibn Imad says that when he took the citadel he allowed those with him plunder, killing and burning. Women and children were taken captive, and the buildings were burned. Then he left. 2

This is Ibn Imad's account alone in the data, and needs an additional source.

Connections

Explore the connections

Had participant
Ahmad ibn Aqbaras, the Khwarazmian· Ibrahim ibn Muflih, shaykh of the Hanbalis· تمرلنك

People and things also explored

Damascus· The battle of Ankara and the capture of Bayezid the Thunderbolt· Ibn Khaldun's Audience with Timur beneath Damascus· Timur Takes Delhi in 801 AH· The Beginning of Timur's Rise· Ahmad ibn Uways al-Jalayiri· Shah Rukh ibn Timur· Shihab al-Din Ahmad Ibn Muflih

Sources

  1. Shadharat al-Dhahab — Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali , p. 71-73
  2. Shadharat al-Dhahab — Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali , p.71-73
Cite this page

islam.museum contributors. “Timur's Event at Damascus in 803 AH”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/event/timur-sack-damascus-803/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-10-23.

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Damascus

Syrian city, capital of the Umayyad caliphate (661-750 CE) and home of the Umayyad Mosque.