Ibn Khaldun's Audience with Timur beneath Damascus

لقاء ابن خلدون بالأمير تيمور تحت أسوار دمشق

c. January 1401 CE · 803 AH

Ibn Khaldun's own account: summoned into Faraj's retinue mid-Rabi' I 803, racing the Tatars to Damascus, then — fearing a rumor and hearing Timur had asked after him — lowered from the city wall at dawn to Timur's deputy Shah Malik, and brought to the conqueror reclining among his dishes and seated Mughul circles, with the Khwarazmian faqih Abd al-Jabbar translating; Timur raised his head, extended his hand to be kissed, and asked how and why he had come from the Maghreb 1.

Depth

At a glance

Era
The Mongol and Post-Mongol Era
Region
Levant & Iraq
Review
Draft Completeness 1/5 · Help complete it

In time

139014001410 c.
The Crusades, Ayyubids and Mamluks · The Mongol and Post-Mongol Era

Overview

Ibn Khaldun relates in the first person in "The Lessons" his meeting with Timur during the siege of Damascus in 803 AH. 2

Going out to Syria

When the sultan Faraj learned that Timur had returned to Syria, he gathered his armies, and Ibn Khaldun travelled with them in the middle of Rabi al-Awwal, although he had been removed from his post. He remained in Damascus at the Adiliyya madrasa with the judges and jurists. 2

The meeting

The judge Burhan al-Din told him that Timur had asked for him. He asked the judges to let him go out at the gate, and they lowered him from the wall. Timur's men and his deputy Shah Malik received him and brought him to Timur. He greeted him and made a gesture of submission, and Timur stretched out his hand and he kissed it, and gestured to him to sit. The jurist Abd al-Jabbar ibn al-Nu'man translated between them. 2

Timur asked him where he had come from and why, then they spoke about kingship and group feeling. Ibn Khaldun wrote him a description of the lands of the Maghrib, and he ordered it translated into the Mughal tongue. 2

The gift and the safe conduct

Ibn Khaldun says that he gave him a copy of the Qur'an, a prayer-rug, a copy of the Burda and boxes of sweets. He asked him for a letter of safe conduct for the people of Damascus, and he wrote it for him. He returned to Egypt in Sha'ban 803 AH. 2

Everything above is from Ibn Khaldun's account alone. What other sources confirm of it needs an additional source.

Connections

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Had participant
Ibn Khaldun· تمرلنك

People and things also explored

The battle of Ankara and the capture of Bayezid the Thunderbolt· Ibn Khaldun completes the Muqaddima· Timur Takes Delhi in 801 AH· The Beginning of Timur's Rise· Timur's Event at Damascus in 803 AH· Ahmad ibn Uways al-Jalayiri· Shah Rukh ibn Timur· Toqtamish ibn Burdbik, lord of Saray

Sources

  1. Kitab al-Ibar of Ibn Khaldun , p. 2118-2122
  2. Kitab al-Ibar of Ibn Khaldun , p. 2123-2125
Cite this page

islam.museum contributors. “Ibn Khaldun's Audience with Timur beneath Damascus”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/event/ibn-khaldun-audience-timur-803/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-10-16.

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The battle of Ankara and the capture of Bayezid the Thunderbolt

Ankara 1402 — Timur's host broke Bayezid's 120,000 in the July heat as his Tatar and Anatolian levies defected; the Thunderbolt died in chains the next year while Europe's kings congratulated Timur.