Maleness (dhukura) as a condition in the rulings

Maleness is the opposite of femaleness, and the jurists treat it as a condition in several rulings. ¹ The Malikis require it for leading prayer, and the majority bar a woman from leading men; the Hanbalis and others allow a woman to lead women. ^{1 2} Maleness is a required condition for the obligation of Friday prayer and of holy war, so neither a woman nor an intersex person of uncertain sex is bound. ^{2 3}

The jurists agree that maleness is a condition for the supreme imamate. ⁴ The majority require a male judge, while the Hanafis allow a woman to judge in cases without hadd penalties. ⁴

The majority require a male guardian, so a woman may not contract her own marriage, while the Hanafis allow a mature woman to contract her own marriage. ^{2 3}