مراد الثاني

Sultan Murad II ibn Mehmed I, who took rule in 824 AH before he was eighteen; he entered Thessaloniki in 833 AH and prevailed at Varna and the second Kosovo.

Sultan Murad II ibn Mehmed I, who took rule in 824 AH (1421 CE) after his father's death at no more than eighteen; al-Salabi describes him as fond of jihad, known for piety and justice. He ended his uncle Mustafa's revolt, backed by the Byzantine emperor Manuel II; he entered Thessaloniki in March 833 AH (1431 CE), subdued Wallachia for a yearly tribute and Serbia's new king to his rule. The Ottomans beat the Hungarians in 842 AH (1438 CE) but failed at Belgrade. After Hunyadi's two defeats the ten-year Treaty of Szeged was made in 848 AH (1444 CE); he abdicated to his son Mehmed and withdrew to Manisa, then returned when the oath was broken and brought down King Ladislas at Varna. He prevailed at the second Kosovo in 852 AH (1448 CE), died in his Edirne palace at about forty-seven, and was buried beside the Muradiye mosque in Bursa.

Sultan Murad II ibn Mehmed I, who took rule in 824 AH (1421 CE) after his father Mehmed I Jalabi's death at no more than eighteen; al-Salabi describes him as fond of jihad, known for piety, justice and mercy. He ended his uncle Mustafa's revolt, backed by the Byzantine emperor Manuel II, then entered Thessaloniki by force in March 833 AH (1431 CE); he subdued Wallachia for a yearly tribute and Serbia's new king to his rule. On the Hungarian front the Ottomans beat the Hungarians in 842 AH (1438 CE) taking seventy thousand captives, but the bid for Belgrade failed. After Hunyadi's two victories in 846 AH (1442 CE) the Ottomans asked for peace and the ten-year Treaty of Szeged was sworn in July 848 AH (1444 CE) — Murad on the Qur'an, Ladislas on the Gospel; he abdicated to his son Mehmed and withdrew to Manisa. When Cardinal Cesarini and the Pope urged breaking the oath he returned to lead the army — the Genoese fleet carried forty thousand at a dinar a man — raised the broken treaty on a lance, fought King Ladislas and brought him down: the battle of Varna. He returned and abdicated a second time, was recalled when the Janissaries rose in Edirne, held the throne to his life's end, and prevailed at the second Kosovo in 852 AH (1448 CE). He held a poets' circle two days a week and sent the two Sanctuaries and Jerusalem three thousand five hundred dinars yearly; he died in the Edirne palace at about forty-seven and was buried beside the Muradiye mosque in Bursa by his will.