Mohamed Morsi

Mohamed Mohamed Morsi Eissa al-Ayyat (1951–2019) was an Egyptian engineer, university professor and Muslim Brotherhood politician. He chaired the Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party, won the presidential election of June 2012 with 51.73 percent of the vote, and became Egypt's fifth president and its first democratically elected civilian head of state. The military removed him on 3 July 2013 after mass protests; he spent the rest of his life in custody, and died during a court session in Cairo on 17 June 2019. ^{1 2}

He was born on 8 August 1951 at El Adwah, a village in Sharqia governorate in the Nile Delta, the eldest of five brothers; his father was a farmer. The Urdu article notes that as a child he rode a donkey to school. He moved to Cairo in the 1960s, took a bachelor's degree in engineering at Cairo University in 1975, served in the army's chemical warfare unit, and completed a master's in metallurgy at Cairo University in 1978. A scholarship took him to the United States, where he received a PhD in materials science from the University of Southern California in 1982, working on alumina. Wikidata carries a second birth value, 20 August 1951, which no article supports; the record notes the disagreement. ^{1 3 4}

He was an assistant professor at California State University, Northridge, from 1982 to 1985, and worked with a NASA team on space-shuttle engines. Returning to Egypt in 1985, he became a professor at Zagazig University and eventually head of its engineering department, teaching there until 2010. Because the Muslim Brotherhood was barred from fielding candidates under President Hosni Mubarak, he sat in the People's Assembly from 2000 to 2005 as an independent. He was arrested with other Brotherhood leaders on 28 January 2011, during the revolution, and escaped from Wadi al-Natroun prison two days later. ^{1 3}

When the Brotherhood founded the Freedom and Justice Party in 2011, Morsi became its first chairman. He was the movement's reserve presidential candidate, put forward after Khairat al-Shater was disqualified, and won the run-off in June 2012. He took office on 30 June 2012. His presidency was marked by conflict with the judiciary and the military: in November 2012 he issued a constitutional declaration placing his decisions beyond judicial review, and a constitution drafted by an Islamist-led assembly was approved by referendum. After mass protests on the anniversary of his inauguration, the military removed him on 3 July 2013. The articles describe this sequence; the museum records the offices and dates without a verdict on the contested events. ^{1 2}

In custody he faced a series of trials. In May 2015 he was sentenced to death in the Wadi al-Natroun prison-break case; the Court of Cassation overturned the sentence in November 2016 and ordered a retrial. On 17 June 2019 he collapsed during a court session in Cairo and died, officially of a heart attack; he was buried at Nasr City in Cairo beside other Brotherhood leaders. Critics cited in the articles attributed his death to the conditions of his detention and the state of his health; the Brotherhood called it a deliberate killing. Both positions are reported in the sources and are recorded here as reported positions. ^{1 3}

The three articles attest his Muslim Brotherhood membership in their texts. On a school they differ: the Arabic article's infobox gives his religion as "Muslim Sunni", the Urdu infobox gives Islam in general, and the English article names no school; the Wikidata value is Islam in general. Under this museum's rule — a school is recorded only when two independent sources name it, and one infobox is one source family — his faith is recorded as unknown, and the Sunni reading is preserved in his data record for the founder's ruling. ^{2 3 4}

• The defined source entities cited above, recorded in data/source/.
• Revisions of this article must be dated, and must name the source that changed each fact.