Ibn al-Khalkhali Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Muzaffar · Islam Museum

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Depth

At a glance

Roles: Jurist
Counted among: Sunni
Era: The Mongol and Post-Mongol Era
Region: Persia & Central Asia
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Life in time

The Crusades, Ayyubids and Mamluks · The Mongol and Post-Mongol Era Contemporaries: Abd Allah ibn Miqdad al-Aqfahsi · Abu al-Khayr al-'Ala'i al-Muqaddisi · Abu Bakr ibn Faris · Abu Tahir al-Khujandi of Medina · Ahmadi Taj al-Din Ibrahim ibn Khidr

Development of law, theology and institutions

Place in the story

JuristTradition

Roles are dated and sourced; the museum describes the act and attributes the judgement.

Overview

The imam Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Muzaffar al-Khatibi al-Khalkhali, a Shafi'i imam attributed to Khankhal, a village in the districts of Sultaniyya. He died in 745 AH (1344 CE). ¹

People and things also explored

Biting and the liability for injury it causes (add)· Justice and uprightness (adl)· Contagion (adwa)· Pardon (afw) in purity, worship, contracts and penalties· Covenant (ahd) and the duty to keep it; oath by the covenant of God· Term, deadline (ajal)· Hired worker (ajir)· Stranger, outsider (ajnabi)

Sources

Mawsu'at A'lam al-Ulama' wa-l-Adaba' al-Arab wa-l-Muslimin — Dar al-Jil / ALECSO

Cite this page

islam.museum contributors. “Ibn al-Khalkhali Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Muzaffar”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/person/ibn-al-khalkhali-shams-al-din-muhammad-ibn-muzaffar/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-10-16.

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People

Prophets, companions, scholars, rulers, scientists, poets, travelers: women and men who shaped the story. Related

Biting and the liability for injury it causes (add)

In the lexicon, add is gripping a thing with the teeth and holding it. If a person bites another without right and a wound results, the biter must pay the damages for the wound, assessed as a just award by experts. If one man bites another's hand and the bitten man pulls it free so that the biter's front teeth fall out, most jurists hold that there is no liability, relying on a prophetic judgement in such a case; the Shafi'is limit this to a bitten man who chose the easiest means of release, and the preferred Maliki view requires compensation.