Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin

Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin (1825 – 10 May 1906) was the 25th Sultan of Brunei, reigning from 1885 until his death. A son of Omar Ali Saifuddien II, he spent his reign trying to hold what was left of Brunei against Charles Brooke's expansion from Sarawak: he asked Britain for protection, signed the Protectorate Agreement of 1888, and in 1905–06 accepted a Supplementary Agreement that placed the government under a British Resident, with Islam and Malay custom excepted. He was succeeded by his son Muhammad Jamalul Alam II. No Arabic or Urdu article on him exists; this article is written from the English and Malay articles and Wikidata. ^{1 2}

He was born in 1825 at the Istana Kampong Ayer, a son of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II by Tuan Zaidah, who was not a royal consort. Before his accession he was known as Pengiran Temenggong Sahibul Bahar Pengiran Anak Hashim. The English article recounts his struggle with his cousin Pengiran Muda Hashim over the Bendahara title, a necessary step toward the throne, in which James Brooke was first an ally and then a complication. ^{1 2}

Sultan Hashim requested British help in the late nineteenth century to stop Rajah Charles Brooke's territorial expansion at Brunei's expense. The Malay article records an earlier step: in 1887 he wrote asking for a British Resident in Limbang, and was refused on grounds of cost. On 17 September 1888 he concluded the Protectorate Agreement, which placed Brunei's foreign affairs under British administration. In 1903, after Charles Brooke had seized Limbang in 1890, he wrote to the Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid II seeking help; the British learned of the letter and seized it before it could be sent. Fearing he would turn to another foreign power, Britain sent Malcolm McArthur in 1904, whose report recommended that Brunei survive under British protection rather than be absorbed into Sarawak. On 3 December 1905 Hashim signed the Supplementary Agreement and accepted the Residency system; the English article dates the arrangement to 1905–06 and notes that the Resident advised on all matters except those touching Islam and Malay custom. ^{2 1}

He died on 10 May 1906 at the Istana Kampong Ayer and was buried at the Royal Mausoleum (Kubah Makam Diraja) in Bandar Seri Begawan; all three sources agree on the date. He was succeeded by his son Muhammad Jamalul Alam II, whose record — built in the same run as this one — carries the son's child_of and successor_of edges to him; his own child_of edge to his father is written in this record. ^{1 2 3}

His faith is recorded as unknown, and the case is flagged. A school reading exists in exactly one infobox: the English article's infobox gives his religion as Sunni Islam. The Malay article's infobox gives Islam in general, the English text names no school, and Wikidata gives Islam only. Headship of the Brunei sultanate and royal descent are not a personal school; one infobox family short of the two-source bar, the Sunni reading stands in the record's note, unresolved. ^{1 2 3}

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