Bakhraq, Muhammad ibn Umar · Islam Museum

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Depth

At a glance

Roles: Jurist · Scholar
Counted among: Sunni
Era: The Gunpowder Empires
Region: Arabia
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Life in time

The Crusades, Ayyubids and Mamluks · The Gunpowder Empires · The Mongol and Post-Mongol Era Contemporaries: 'Abd al-Haqq al-Sunbati · Al-Balawi, Ahmad ibn Ali · al-Dalji al-'Uthmani · Al-Tattai, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim · Ali ibn Muhammad al-Ashmuni

Development of law, theology and institutions

Place in the story

JuristTradition

Roles are dated and sourced; the museum describes the act and attributes the judgement.

Overview

Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Himyari al-Shafi'i al-Bahraqi, a Shafi'i jurist from Yemen. The encyclopaedia gives his birth as 869 AH and his death as 930 AH. ¹

People and things also explored

Biting and the liability for injury it causes (add)· Justice and uprightness (adl)· Contagion (adwa)· Pardon (afw) in purity, worship, contracts and penalties· Covenant (ahd) and the duty to keep it; oath by the covenant of God· Term, deadline (ajal)· Hired worker (ajir)· Stranger, outsider (ajnabi)

Sources

Mawsu'at A'lam al-Ulama' wa-l-Adaba' al-Arab wa-l-Muslimin — Dar al-Jil / ALECSO

Cite this page

islam.museum contributors. “Bakhraq, Muhammad ibn Umar”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/person/bakhraq-muhammad-ibn-umar/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-10-16.

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People

Prophets, companions, scholars, rulers, scientists, poets, travelers: women and men who shaped the story. Related

Biting and the liability for injury it causes (add)

In the lexicon, add is gripping a thing with the teeth and holding it. If a person bites another without right and a wound results, the biter must pay the damages for the wound, assessed as a just award by experts. If one man bites another's hand and the bitten man pulls it free so that the biter's front teeth fall out, most jurists hold that there is no liability, relying on a prophetic judgement in such a case; the Shafi'is limit this to a bitten man who chose the easiest means of release, and the preferred Maliki view requires compensation.