Tadarruk (making up or repairing a missed part of worship)

Tadarruk is performing an act of worship, or part of it, that the person left out at its proper time, as long as the time has not passed. Making up a fixed pillar is itself obligatory, while the rules for obligatory parts and recommended parts differ by school. ^{1 2}

Tadarruk comes from the root of overtaking and reaching; in the jurists' speech it is repairing a defect, shortfall or omission in a word or act. The jurists use it only for repair within worship. Related terms are qada (making up after the time), i'ada (repeating), istidrak and islah in Maliki usage. ¹

Making up a fixed pillar of worship is obligatory when the pillar is missed through excuse such as forgetting or ignorance while one is able to do it, or is done in an invalid way. If the pillar is not made up while that is still possible, the worship is void and must be restarted or made up. ²

The pillars of wudu must be done. A man who forgets to wash his hands and remembers after washing his feet has not performed valid wudu until he repeats what is missed and what follows, according to the Shafi'is and the preferred Hanbali view, which make order obligatory. The Hanafis and Malikis allow making up only what was missed. ² The basmala at the start of wudu is a sunna for the Shafi'is; if omitted, it is said in the course of wudu ("in the name of God, at its start and its end") and not after finishing. ^{4 5} Sunnas of wudu are not made up after their place has passed, according to the Malikis, Shafi'is and Hanbalis. For the Hanbalis rinsing the mouth and nose are obligatory, and must be made up. ^{4 5}

Order and continuity in ghusl are not obligatory according to the majority; a missed limb or patch is made up alone. The Hanafis and Hanbalis hold rinsing the mouth and nose obligatory in ghusl. ^{5 6} If a dead person was buried without washing, and washing is still possible, the Malikis, Shafi'is and Hanbalis require digging him up to wash him, unless his body would change. The Hanafis do not exhume a body once earth has been put over it, out of the right of God. ⁶

Deliberately omitting a pillar voids the prayer; forgetting it obliges making it up, since a pillar does not fall away through forgetting or ignorance. Obligatory parts, for the Hanafis, do not void the prayer when omitted: sujud al-sahw is due if the omission was forgotten, and repetition if it was deliberate. The Hanbalis require making up an obligatory part while the place of it has not passed. ^{6 7} Sunnas do not void prayer when omitted. Once their place has passed, the Shafi'is and Hanbalis do not make them up; the Malikis make up a sunna while its place has not passed. ^{7 8} A late joiner makes up what he missed, and the takbirs of the two festivals forgotten until recitation has begun are lost according to the Shafi'is and Hanbalis; the Hanafis and Malikis make them up with detail. ^{8 9}

One who passes the boundary without ihram owes a sacrifice, unless he returns to take ihram from it before ihram. A pilgrim who leaves out part of a circuit does not have it valid until he completes it, according to the Hanbalis and some Shafi'is. ^{10 11} If one omits the running after the arrival circuit, he runs after the circuit of ifadah, which is a pillar for the majority and an obligation for the Hanafis. ¹¹ If the pilgrims stood on the tenth day and it was later found to be a mistake, the Hanafis, Malikis and Hanbalis hold that the standing is valid. If they learn of it when the time has passed, the Malikis and the sounder Shafi'i view hold it is not valid. ^{12 13} Missing the standing at Arafat until dawn of the sacrifice voids the pilgrimage, which is then ended by an umra. Missing the stop at Muzdalifa is a sacrifice, according to the Hanafis and some Shafi'is. ^{12 14} One who misses the stoning for a day or two may make it up in the rest of the days of tashriq according to the sounder Shafi'i and Hanbali view, with no sacrifice. One who leaves the circuit of ifadah and goes home must return in ihram to perform it, according to the majority. ^{14 15} The farewell circuit is obligatory for the Hanafis and Hanbalis; leaving it without it can be made up by returning if the traveller is within a shortening distance, and a sacrifice is owed if he has gone beyond it. ^{14 15}

The Malikis and Shafi'is hold that prayers missed during madness are not made up, for lack of capacity at the time of obligation; the Hanafis require making up five prayers missed through madness or fainting, and the Hanbalis separate madness from fainting. ^{15 16} For fasting, if madness covers all of Ramadan there is no making up according to the Hanafis, Shafi'is and Hanbalis; a fainted person makes up in all views but one. ^{16 17} A pilgrim who takes ihram, then faints or goes mad, and recovers before standing, has a valid pilgrimage by agreement. ^{17 18}

A sick person prays standing, then sitting, then on his side facing the qibla, then lying on his back with his feet toward the qibla, signalling with his eyes. He prays as far as he can, and the duty is not dropped while he has some mind. ¹⁸

Forgetting does not drop a required act: one who forgets a prayer or a fast makes it up, and prays it when he remembers it. ^{18 19} If one invalidates a required worship, he performs it if its time allows, or makes it up if not. A voluntary worship is binding on entry for the Hanafis and Malikis, so one who voids it makes it up; the Shafi'is and Hanbalis require making up only for the pilgrimage and umra. ¹⁹ A returning apostate does not make up worship missed during his apostasy, according to the Hanafis, Malikis and Hanbalis, but the Shafi'is require making it up. ³