خاندان: · 73 اندراجات
اس موضوع کے اندراجات
واقعہ
اعتماد عمر الهجرة بداية للتأريخ
634 اور 644 کے درمیان عیسوی · 13 ھUmar gathered the Companions to fix a settled date for administering the young state. Ali said the calendar should begin from the year the Prophet emigrated and left the land of polytheism, and Umar adopted it.ظهور نجم ذي ذؤابة 905هـ
1499 اور 1500 کے درمیان عیسوی · 905 ھIn 905 a tailed star rose from the east of Najd — its rising from Aries, its tail over Yemen and its course toward Syria.
شخصیت
الخوارزمي
780 عیسوی · 164 ھMuhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, numbered by al-Mas'udi among Islam's astronomers.يحيى الخياط الفلكي أبو علي يحيى بن غالب
Baghdadi astronomer and astrologer of the third century AH, a pupil of Masha'allah; died 250 AH (864 CE), though biographers differ on the date.البلخي أبو معشر جعفر بن محمد
Astrologer and astronomer Abu Ma'shar Ja'far ibn Muhammad al-Balkhi, leading figure of his time in his field, of Balkh in Khurasan; died 272 AH (886 CE).أبو الوفاء البوزجاني محمد بن محمد
940 عیسوی · 328 ھOne of the leading Muslim scholars of mathematics and astronomy, born in Buzjan in Khurasan.كوشيار بن لبان الجيلي
969 عیسوی · 360 ھAn astronomer and mathematician, named after Gilan in northern Iran.البيروني محمد بن أحمد
973 عیسوی · 362 ھBorn in Kath, the old city of Khwarazm. One of the leading astronomers, mathematicians, geographers and historians of his age.ابن معاذ الجياني محمد
989 عیسوی · 379 ھA mathematician and astronomer from an Andalusian family, named after Jaen.الخجندي أبو محمود حامد بن الخضر
Mathematician and astronomer of the fourth century AH, a resident of Rayy near Tehran; died 391 AH (1000 CE).عمر الخيام
1048 عیسوی · 439 ھA mathematician, astronomer, philosopher and poet. Little is known of his life.البديع الأسطرلابي
A native of Baghdad and one of the leading astronomers and astrolabists of his time.الجغميني محمود بن محمد
1154 عیسوی · 549 ھAmong the scientific pioneers of Anatolia within Islamic civilisation, named after the village of Jaghmin; died 618 AH (1220 CE).التفليسي جمال الدين أبو الفضل حبش بن إبراهيم
Physician, astrologer, lexicographer and man of letters from Tiflis, who served the Seljuks in medicine and astronomy and wrote mostly in Persian; died 629 AH (1231 CE).ابن البناء المراكشي أحمد بن محمد
1256 عیسوی · 654 ھA scholar of Marrakesh in mathematics, arithmetic and astronomy, who wrote on the arithmetical sciences.الأبهري أثير الدين المفضل بن عمر
One of the best-known scholars of Islamic thought in logic, astronomy and mathematics. The nisba al-Abhari refers to the town of Abhar; his birthplace is not firmly established.شهاب الدين ابن المجدي
تقریباً 1366 عیسوی · 767 ھIbn al-Majdi (b. Cairo 767) — jurist, calculator and astronomer who 'surpassed and uniquely held his age' in geometry and the science of timekeeping alongside fiqh, inheritance-arithmetic and Arabic; author of the famed Sharh al-Abqariyya on fara'id among many works; died Friday night 21 Dhu al-Qa'da 850.الخليلي أبو عمران موسى بن محمد
Astronomer who grew up in Damascus and wrote a treatise on astronomy; died 1402 CE.التيزيني محمد بن محمد
1424 عیسوی · 828 ھHanafi astronomer and mathematician of Aleppo, named after the town of Tizin near Aleppo; born 828 AH (1424 CE), died 911 AH (1505 CE).الملا محيي الدين التكشاري
A master of Arabic, the legal and rational sciences and riyada; pupil of Fath Allah al-Shirwani, Husam al-Tuqati and Yusuf Bali b. Muhammad al-Fanari; Friday preacher alternately at Hagia Sophia and Mehmed II's mosque — and when 'the time of judgement' drew near he completed his tafsir recital at Hagia Sophia, told the people he had asked God to spare him only until the khatm of the Qur'an, prayed the amen with them, went home, sickened and died in 901.طنطاوي جوهري
1870 عیسوی · 1287 ھAn Egyptian Islamic scholar with contributions to Qur'anic commentary and the natural sciences.عبد الرحمن الفاسي
Draft card for Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi, the seventeenth-century astronomer, musician and historian of Fez, d. 1685; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.أبو علي الخياط
Draft card for Abu Ali Yahya ibn Ghalib al-Khayyat, the ninth-century astrologer author of Kitab al-Mawalid, d. 844; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.ابن الهائم المصري
Draft card for Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ha'im, the fifteenth-century Egyptian jurist and mathematician, d. 1412; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.البطروجي أبو إسحاق نور الدين
Among the great Arab astronomers, of Andalusi origin from Bidrush near Cordoba, active in the sixth century AH.أبو العباس النيريزي
Draft card for Abu al-Abbas al-Fadl ibn Hatim al-Nayrizi, the tenth-century astronomer and mathematician who commented on Euclid and wrote a zij, d. 922; the history-of-science entry is not yet checked on the page.حسن الجبرتي
Draft card for Hassan ibn Ibrahim al-Jabarti, the eighteenth-century mathematician, theologian and father of the historian Abd al-Rahman; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.ابن الهائم الإشبيلي
Draft card for Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Ha'im al-Ishbili, the thirteenth-century astronomer and mathematician author of al-Zij al-Kamil; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.مسلمة المجريطي
Draft card for Maslama ibn Ahmad al-Majriti of Cordoba, the tenth-century mathematician, astronomer and alchemist to whom Ghayat al-Hakim is ascribed, d. 1007; Ibn al-Nadim's Fihrist entry is not yet checked on the page.محيي الدين المغربي
Draft card for Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi, the Andalusi-born astronomer of the Maragha observatory who composed new zijes and critiqued parts of Ptolemaic astronomy, d. 1280; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.نجم الدين الكاتبي القزويني
Draft card for Najm al-Din Ali ibn Umar al-Katibi al-Qazwini, the thirteenth-century logician and astronomer author of Hikmat al-Ayn and al-Risala al-Shamsiyya, d. 1277; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.نوبخت
Draft card for Naubakht, the Persian astrologer who cast the horoscope for Baghdad's founding under al-Mansur, d. 777; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.صاعد الأندلسي
Draft card for Sa'id ibn Ahmad al-Andalusi, qadi of Toledo, astronomer and historian of science author of Tabaqat al-Umam, d. 1070; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.شمس الدين الخليلي
Draft card for Shams al-Din Abu Abd Allah al-Khalili, the fourteenth-century Damascus astronomer and muwaqqit who produced the famous qibla and prayer-time tables, d. 1380; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.شرف الدين الطوسي
Draft card for Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar al-Tusi, the twelfth-century mathematician and astronomer who taught at the Maragha observatory and wrote on geometry and algebra, d. 1213; the history-of-science entry is not yet checked on the page.الأشرف الغساني الملك، أبو حفص عمر بن الملك المظفر
A Yemeni ruler of the Rasulid line who wrote on the astrolabe, veterinary medicine and simple drugs, drawing on Ibn al-Baytar and al-Zahrawi.يوسف السروستاني
Draft card for Yusuf Sarvestani, the thirteenth-century writer, astronomer and calligrapher, d. 1281; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.زين الدين الآمدي
Draft card for Zayn al-Din Ali al-Amidi, the fourteenth-century Diyarbakir merchant and instrument-maker of water- and astronomical clocks, d. 1314; the biographical entry is not yet checked on the page.
عمارت
تصور
أدلة القبلة: النجوم والرياح والجبال والأنهار
Al-Umari devotes the fourth gate of Masalik al-Absar to the qibla and its proofs: determination by stars, then winds, then mountains, then rivers — the field methods by which the lands' people fixed the Kaaba's bearing before precision astronomy.أحجام الأجرام السماوية
al-Farghani estimates the apparent and true sizes of the Sun, Moon, planets and fixed stars relative to the Earth, and ranks the bodies from the Sun down to Mercury. Many of the printed figures are garbled in the OCR and are flagged.أبعاد الأجرام السماوية عن الأرض
al-Farghani gives the distances of the Moon, Sun and the five planets, and of the sphere of the fixed stars, in Earth radii and in miles, taking the Earth's diameter as 6500 miles. The figures are internally consistent with that radius; the least Moon distance is doubtful (OCR).الأقاليم السبعة
Seven climates in each quarter of the earth — settlement reaching 24 degrees beyond the equator, the southern quarter desolate with heat, the rest drowned — and the fourth climate, Iraq, holding the fairest share where the sun's ray falls purest.الحركة الثانية
The second motion is the proper motion of the sun and planets along the zodiac from west to east, about poles outside those of the first motion, and opposite to it in direction.الحركة الأولى
The first motion is the daily turning of the whole heavens from east to west, carrying sun, moon, planets and stars in one revolution each day and night, about two fixed poles, one north and one south.الانقلابان
The two solstices are the points of greatest distance from the equinoctial circle, north and south: the summer solstice at the beginning of Cancer, and the winter solstice at the beginning of Capricorn. The day is longest at the summer solstice and shortest at the winter solstice.الاعتدالان
The equinoxes are the two points where the zodiac cuts the equinoctial circle: the vernal equinox at the beginning of Aries and the autumnal equinox at the beginning of Libra. On those days night and day are equal everywhere on the earth.الكواكب الثابتة
The stars whose positions relative to one another do not change. They share one motion from east to west with the sphere of stars, and al-Farghani adds a slow motion of one degree per hundred years around the poles of the zodiac, completed in 36,000 years. He counts 1,022 stars in six magnitudes, fifteen of them in the first.السنة العربية
The Arabic lunar year has twelve months, alternately thirty and twenty-nine days: six full and six hollow. Its absolute count is 354 days, with eleven days added every thirty years, so the year that takes the fraction has seven full months and five hollow.التقاويم المقارنة: السريانية والرومية والقبطية والفارسية
al-Farghani gives the months of the Syriac, Roman, Coptic and Persian calendars. The Syriac and Roman years have 365 1/4 days with a day added every four years; the Persian year has 365 days with five days inserted between Aban and Adhar; the Coptic year has twelve months of thirty days and five extra days at the end.التقويم الجلالي
The Jalali (Malikshahi) solar calendar, reformed under the Seljuq sultan Malik-Shah with a group of astronomers including Omar Khayyam. It is described in Golius's note on the Persian months, not in the author's own text.التواريخ المختلفة
al-Farghani lists five eras in order: Nabonassar, Philip, Alexander, the Hijra and Yazdegerd, with the intervals between them in years and days. The first is called Bukhtansar in the Arabic and Nabonassar in the Latin.دائرة الاستواء
The equator is the circle on the earth parallel to the equinoctial circle, dividing the earth into northern and southern halves; it is the first limit of the inhabited quarter, where day and night are always equal.دائرة الأفق
The horizon circle divides the visible sky from the hidden sky, its pole at the zenith; al-Farghani notes that it bisects only the equinoctial circle among the parallels, and cuts every other parallel unequally.الكسوف والخسوف
A solar eclipse is the moon coming between the sun and the earth at conjunction; a lunar eclipse is the moon entering the earth's shadow at opposition. al-Farghani treats them in chapters 28 to 30: parallax changes what is seen, and the least interval between eclipses of either kind is six lunar months.الساعات المعتدلة
Hours of constant length, made by dividing the day and night together into twenty-four parts, so each hour is fifteen degrees of the sphere's turn. The astronomers, al-Farghani reports, count the day and night from midday to midday.فلك البروج
The zodiac is the great circle traced by the sun's own motion from west to east; it is divided into twelve equal signs of thirty degrees each, from Aries to Pisces, and it cuts the equinoctial circle at the two equinoxes.فلك التدوير
A small orb carried on the eccentric deferent, in which the body moves. The centre of the epicycle moves round the deferent circle, and the epicycle explains the stations and retrogression of the planets. al-Farghani gives the epicycle radii in units where the deferent radius is sixty, with the figures printed for Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Mercury and the Moon.الفلك الخارج المركز
An orb whose centre is off the earth's centre, so that a body's distance from the earth varies between apogee and perigee. al-Farghani gives the sun one eccentric orb whose centre lies two and a half parts off the earth's centre, when the orb's radius is sixty parts.حركات القمر
al-Farghani builds the moon's apparent motion along the zodiac from five circular motions: the body on its epicycle, the centre of the epicycle on the eccentric, the centre of the eccentric on a small circle, the inclined circle carrying the nodes, and the motion of the whole sphere equal to that of the fixed stars.طلوع الكوكب من شعاع الشمس
The reappearance of a star or planet after it has been hidden in the sun's rays: it rises in the east before dawn once it clears the sun (called al-mashriq bil-ghadawat), and sets in the west after dusk (al-maghrib bil-'ashaya). The period of concealment depends on the distance from the sun, the speed and the latitude.اختلاف المنظر
The difference between where a body appears from the earth's surface and where it lies as seen from the earth's centre. al-Farghani gives its largest value for the moon as about one degree four minutes in longitude, and says it is not perceptible for the planets above the sun.كروية الأرض عند أهل الهيئة
The astronomers' earth in al-Mas'udi's report: a sphere hung at heaven's centre like a yolk in the egg, a point against the sky's circle, drawing heavy bodies as the magnet draws iron, split by the equator — its circumference 9,000 farsakhs at 25 farsakhs the degree, ninety degrees from equator to each pole.كروية السماء
al-Farghani holds that the heavens are spherical and turn with all their stars as a sphere turns, about two fixed poles, north and south. His proof is that the stars rise, climb, pass the meridian and set in the same order, and that the stars near the north pole circle it in parallel paths.قول العرب في ليالي الشهور القمرية
The Arabs' question-and-answer litany on the moon each night of the month — first night 'a suckling kid, its folk milked into a pail', two 'tales of two false tribes', eight 'a loaf split by brothers', thirteen 'a dazzling moon', fifteen 'the full, the days spent' — through the month's wane.منازل القمر
The twenty-eight stars or star groups that the moon passes in its monthly course, listed by Arabic name from al-Sharatayn at the head of Aries to al-Hut (Pisces). al-Farghani gives them as chapter 20 of his treatise.ميل فلك البروج
The obliquity of the ecliptic is the greatest distance between the zodiac and the equinoctial circle. Ptolemy's value, as al-Farghani gives it, is 23 degrees 51 minutes; the value from the measurement made under al-Ma'mun is 23 degrees 35 minutes.قياس الأرض
Estimating the earth's circumference by measuring one degree of a north-south meridian in cubits. al-Farghani gives the degree as 56 2/3 miles, using the mile of 4,000 black cubits, the measurement made in the days of al-Ma'mun with a number of scholars present. That gives a circumference of 20,400 miles and a diameter of about 6,500 miles.رجوع الكواكب
al-Farghani explains that the five planets appear to move backward along the zodiac when they are in the inner part of their epicycle, because their motion on the epicycle toward the west outweighs the motion of the epicycle's centre eastward; the retrogression is greatest at perigee.سلطان الكواكب ودور العالم
The astronomers' doctrine of world-cycles: Virgo now reigns 7,000 years — this world's age — Jupiter assisting; when the governing planet completes its full course the world ends, the cycle returns to the first, persons and forms recur with their matter, and so forever — Aries' reign 12,000 years, Taurus' 11,000.الساعات الزمانية
Hours whose length follows the length of the day and night: the arc of day is divided into twelve, and the arc of night likewise, so day-hours lengthen in summer and shorten in winter. al-Farghani sets them against the equal hours.
تصنیف
الزيج الصابي
An astronomical handbook by al-Battani on computing star positions and the zodiac. It opens with the reckoning of the sphere and of chords, then treats the obliquity of the ecliptic, the risings of the zodiac in each city, latitude found by observation, shadows and altitudes, the meridian, and the distances of the stars and planets.جوامع علم النجوم وأصول الحركات السماوية
al-Farghani's treatise on astronomy, printed by Golius as the Elementa astronomica. Its thirty chapters run from the calendar and the shape of the heavens through the planetary motions, the lunar mansions, the risings from the sun's rays and the eclipses. This record covers the front matter and chapters 8 to 30 printed in the Arabic text.
کیا چیز غائب ہے؟ ہمیں بتائیں · موضوع اس وقت کھلتا ہے جب اس کی جائزہ شدہ رہنمائی، 10 سوالات، 5 اقسام میں 25 اندراجات، اور کئی روایات اور خطوں کی آوازیں ہوں۔