Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan

He was born at Bukhara on 3 January 1880, son of the emir 'Abd al-Ahad Khan; the Uzbek article's infobox alone names Karmana as his birthplace, against its own lead and the English and Russian articles ^{1 2 3}. At thirteen his father sent him to Saint Petersburg for three years to study government and modern military techniques, and in 1896 he returned home formally confirmed as crown prince ¹. After two years assisting his father's administration he governed the Nasef (Qarshi) region for twelve years, then the northern province of Karmana for two more, until his father's death in 1910 brought him to the throne ^{1 3}.

His rule opened with reforming gestures: he announced that he would refuse personal gifts, and forbade officials to solicit bribes or impose unauthorised taxes ¹. Over time the promises lapsed, and in the struggle between the traditionalists and the reformist Young Bukharans the traditionalists prevailed, driving the reformers to refuge in Moscow and Kazan ¹. The Tajik writer Sadriddin Ayni, a figure of the same Bukhara, left vivid accounts of life under the emir ¹. Alim Khan was the only Manghud ruler to add the title of Caliph to his name ¹.

In March 1918 the Young Bukharans told the Bolsheviks the city was ready for revolution; when the Red Army reached Bukhara's gates and demanded its surrender, the emir answered by killing the Bolshevik delegation and several hundred of their Russian supporters, and the ill-equipped Bolshevik force withdrew to Tashkent ¹.

The reprieve was temporary. On 2 September 1920 well-equipped Red Army troops under General Mikhail Frunze attacked Bukhara; after four days of fighting the Ark fortress was destroyed, and Alim Khan fled first to Dushanbe and then to Kabul ¹. Three of his young sons were left behind in Bukhara and sent to a Moscow orphanage; their fates — one dead after arrest in the Great Terror, one shot at the Afghan border, one a Red Army major general who had publicly renounced his father — are traced in the English article ¹. The emir died at Kabul on 28 April 1944 and was buried in the Shuadoi Solehin cemetery; the Russian article alone gives 5 May 1944 ^{1 2 4}. His daughter Shukria Alimi Raad became a broadcaster with Radio Afghanistan and later the Voice of America ¹.

No text in any of the five editions read names Alim Khan's school. The Russian article's infobox gives his religion as Islam of the Hanafi madhhab and the English article's infobox gives Sunni Islam — two infobox fields, referenced to no text — and Wikidata's religion values are Islam and Sunni Islam, with no Hanafi value ^{2 1 4}. His throne, his rule over a Muslim state and his use of the caliphal title are matters of office, not personal attestation, and Hanafi convention in Bukhara is not evidence about a man. His faith segment is therefore recorded as unknown, flagged, with the Hanafi and Sunni readings preserved in the record's note.

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