Galimjan Barudi

Galimjan Barudi (17 February 1857 – 6 December 1921), born with the surname Galeyev, was a Tatar theologian, educator and religious leader. ^{1 2} In 1882 he founded the Muhammadiya madrasa in Kazan, which became one of the largest and most prestigious Muslim schools in Russia and a centre of the new-method (Jadid) education he championed. ^{1 2} In May 1917 the All-Russian Muslim congress at Moscow elected him mufti of the central spiritual administration of Russia's Muslims — the first holder of that office — and he died at Moscow in 1921 while working in famine relief. ^{1 2}

He was born in a merchant's family at the village the Tatar article calls Keche Kaval, the Russian article Malye Kovali and Wikidata Keche Qawal, in Kazan district; when he was three the family moved to Kazan, and in 1862 he began his schooling at a Kazan madrasa. ^{1 2 3} In 1875 he left for Bukhara to continue his religious education; the Tatar article specifies that he completed the Mir-i Arab madrasa there. ^{1 2} Returning to Kazan in 1882, he was appointed second imam of the Fifth Cathedral Mosque, rose quickly, and in the same year received permission to open his own madrasa, which he named Muhammadiya after his father. ^{1 2} In 1887 he made a long journey to the Ottoman Empire and Egypt. ¹

From 1905 he devoted himself almost wholly to teaching: he wrote textbooks, published in the press, expanded his madrasa's buildings and continually renewed its curriculum. ^{1 2} In 1906 he founded and headed the journal ad-Din wa-l-adab ("Religion and Morality") at Kazan; the authorities banned it in 1908, and that year he was accused of spreading pan-Islamist views and exiled to Vologda province — the Tatar article gives the exile as two years, the Russian article his return as 1913 — after which he resumed the journal until 1917. ^{1 2} He took part in the second and third congresses of Russia's Muslims in 1906 and was elected to the central committee of the Muslim organisation Ittifaq al-Muslimin. ^{1 2}

On 1–2 May 1917 the All-Russian Muslim congress in Moscow elected him mufti of the Muslims' central spiritual administration by a majority of votes. ^{1 2} He died at Moscow on 6 December 1921 — the Tatar article says he died on his way to a sitting of the committee for aid to the famine-stricken of the Volga-Ural region — and he was buried at the Novo-Tatar cemetery in Kazan. ^{1 2}

His writings are largely textbooks and religious manuals produced for his school, among them an arithmetic primer (1891), works on reading and on Arabic grammar and morphology (1891–1898), and "Foundations of Islam" (Kazan, 1906). ¹ His journal ad-Din wa-l-adab, published at Kazan in 1906–1908 and again from his return until 1917, carried his educational programme to a wider public. ^{1 2} In 2017, for the 160th anniversary of his birth, the Tatarstan Muslims' spiritual administration and the Khuzur publishing house issued 22 reprints of his works, and a museum devoted to his legacy opened at the Muhammadiya madrasa. ²

This section sets out positions as reported in the sources; it is not a verdict by the museum.

New-method education. Barudi taught at his own madrasa by the Jadid (new) method from its founding, and the Tatar article describes the Muhammadiya as one of the largest centres of new-method education in the region; his publishing, textbooks and curriculum reforms were all directed to that reform of Muslim schooling. ² The tsarist authorities read his activity politically: the pan-Islamism charge of 1908 and the exile that followed are reported by both articles. ^{1 2}

The Sufism framing. A 2011 magazine study cited among the Russian article's links presents him as an enlightener "through the prism of Sufism". ¹ The museum records this as one later article's interpretive framing: it is not two independent sources attesting a school or a tariqa affiliation for Barudi himself, and neither article names a school for him, so his faith is recorded as unknown in his data record. ³

• The defined source entities cited above, recorded in data/source/.
• Revisions of this article must be dated, and must name the source that changed each fact.