وقعة فحل

تقریباً جنوری 635 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 13 ھ

In al-Baladhuri: the battle of Fihl of al-Urdunn fell two nights remaining of Dhu al-Qa'da, five months after Umar ibn al-Khattab's accession, the people's commander being Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah — Umar having written to him investing him with Syria and the commanders concurring, together with Amir ibn Abi Waqqas, Sa'd's brother; some say Abu Ubayda's command reached him while the people were besieging Damascus and he concealed it from Khalid for days since Khalid commanded in war, telling him when asked 'I disliked to break you and weaken your standing while you were upon heights'; the battle's cause was Heraclius, come to Antioch, summoning the Romans and the people of the Jazira and setting over them a man of his intimates and trusted men, who met the Muslims at Fihl and fought them hardest until God gave them victory, their patrician and near ten thousand with him falling, the rest scattering through Syria's towns or joining Heraclius; Fihl's people fortified themselves and the Muslims besieged them until they asked safety on paying jizya for their heads and kharaj for their land, securing themselves and their wealth with their walls not to be demolished — Abu Ubayda concluding the compact, some say Shurahbil ibn Hasana.

خلاصہ

ماخذ بتاتے ہیں کہ اردن کے علاقے فحل کی جنگ ذوالقعدہ کی آخری دو راتوں میں ہوئی، عمر بن خطاب کی خلافت کے پانچ ماہ بعد۔ لوگوں کے امیر ابو عبیدہ بن جراح تھے۔ یہ شام کی فتح کا حصہ ہے۔ ¹

سبب

بلاذری بیان کرتے ہیں کہ جب ہرقل انطاکیہ پہنچا تو اس نے روم اور جزیرہ کے لوگوں کو جمع کیا اور اپنے خاص آدمیوں میں سے ایک شخص کو ان کا سردار بنایا۔ وہ فحل میں مسلمانوں سے ملے۔ ¹

لڑائی اور صلح

لڑائی شدید ہوئی یہاں تک کہ مسلمان غالب آئے، اور رومی سردار اور اس کے تقریباً دس ہزار ساتھی قتل ہوئے۔ باقی لوگ شام کے شہروں میں بکھر گئے، اور بعض ہرقل کے پاس جا پہنچے۔ ¹

فحل کے لوگ قلعہ بند ہوئے، تو مسلمانوں نے ان کا محاصرہ کیا یہاں تک کہ انہوں نے جان کی امان مانگی، اس شرط پر کہ وہ فی کس جزیہ اور اپنی زمین کا خراج ادا کریں گے۔ مسلمانوں نے انہیں جان و مال کی امان دی، بشرطیکہ ان کی دیواریں نہ گرائی جائیں۔ ¹

روایات کا اختلاف

یہ امان ابو عبیدہ نے دی، اور کہا جاتا ہے کہ یہ شرحبیل بن حسنہ نے دی۔ بلاذری بیان کرتے ہیں کہ ابو عبیدہ کو شام کی ولایت کا خط لکھا گیا اور امراء کو عامر بن ابی وقاص کے تحت کیا گیا، اور کچھ لوگ کہتے ہیں کہ یہ ولایت ان کے پاس اس وقت پہنچی جب لوگ دمشق کا محاصرہ کیے ہوئے تھے، تو انہوں نے کئی دن تک اسے خالد سے چھپائے رکھا۔ ¹

معركة اليرموك

A great battle between the Muslims and the Byzantines at the Yarmuk river. After the defeat Abu Ubayda called for withdrawal, and the Muslims moved until they set their camps at Marj al-Suffar, then encamped at Damascus. Al-Waqidi reported that it was in 15 AH; al-Tabari's report of the account of Sayf places it in 13 AH. According to al-Baladhuri: Heraclius gathered a host of Byzantines, Syrians, people of al-Jazira and Armenia numbering some two hundred thousand, put one of his intimates in command, and sent Jabala ibn al-Ayham al-Ghassani at its vanguard, with the Arabized Syrians of Lakhm and Judham. The Muslims numbered twenty-four thousand. The Byzantines and their followers were chained together so that they would not be tempted to flee. They fought at the Yarmuk with the fiercest of battles; God slew some seventy thousand of them, and their remnant fled to Palestine, Antioch, Aleppo, al-Jazira and Armenia. Muslim women also fought hard on the day of the Yarmuk, and Hind bint Utba, mother of Mu'awiya, kept calling out: bite the sheaths with your swords. On that day the eye of al-Ash'ath ibn Qays was lost, as were the eye of Hashim ibn Utba ibn Abi Waqqas al-Zuhri, called al-Mirqal, and the eye of Qays ibn Maksuh. Amir ibn Abi Waqqas, who had carried Umar's letter to Abu Ubayda confirming his governorship of Syria, was martyred; it is also said that he died in the plague, or at Ajnadayn, but this is not established. Abu Ubayda appointed Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri over the pursuing cavalry, to kill whoever they overtook. Jabala ibn al-Ayham sided with the Ansar and said: you are our brothers and the sons of our father; he showed Islam, then apostatised and entered Byzantine lands when Umar sought retaliation from him. In another account, Umar found him still a Christian; he refused the jizya out of pride and entered Byzantine lands with thirty thousand men. Umar regretted it, and Ubada ibn al-Samit reproached him that had he accepted his alms, he would have become a Muslim. So Umar sent Umayr ibn Sa'd al-Ansari with an army in 21 AH and ordered him to coax Jabala and bring him back, on condition that he pay what he had offered in alms and keep his religion; but Jabala refused except to stay, and Umayr reached a place known as al-Himar, fell upon its people and laid it waste. On the day of the Yarmuk the Muslims returned to the people of Homs the tribute they had taken from them, saying they had been too occupied to aid them. The people of Homs replied that the justice of their rule was dearer to them than the oppression they had suffered, and that they would repel Heraclius's troops from the city alongside their governor. The Jews rose and said: by the Torah, Heraclius's governor shall not enter the city of Homs unless we are overcome and worn out; they shut the gates and guarded them, and the Christians and Jews of the other cities under treaty did likewise. When news of the Yarmuk reached Heraclius he fled from Antioch to Constantinople, and when he crossed the pass he said: farewell, O Syria. The battle was in Rajab of 15 AH.

وقعة فحل

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معركة اليرموك