John B. West, 'Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age' (2008)

جون ب. وست، «ابن النفيس والدورة الدموية الرئوية والعصر الذهبي الإسلامي» (2008)

A peer-reviewed historical article in the Journal of Applied Physiology by the respiratory physiologist John B. West. It covers Ibn al-Nafis's life, his rejection of Galen's septal pores, his account of all the blood passing through the lungs, his prediction of passages between the pulmonary artery and vein, the rediscovery of the manuscript in Berlin in 1924, and the question of whether his work reached Europe.