J. Spencer Trimingham, The Sufi Orders in Islam (Oxford 1998)

ج. سبنسر تريمنغهام، الطرق الصوفية في الإسلام (أكسفورد 1998)

The classic academic study of the formation and ramification of the Sufi orders; treats the Naqshbandiyya and its Central Asian, Ottoman and Indian lines.

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The classic academic study of the Sufi orders' formation and the branching of their lines; it treats the Naqshbandiyya and its Central Asian, Ottoman and Indian chains.

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islam.museum contributors. “J. Spencer Trimingham, The Sufi Orders in Islam (Oxford 1998)”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/source/trimingham-sufi-orders-1998/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-10-22.

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