طائع للہ عبد الکریم بن مطیع
عباسی خلیفہ، جنہوں نے اپنے والد مطیع کے بعد ۳۶۳ھ میں خلافت سنبھالی؛ ان کا دور آل بویہ کے سیاسی غلبے میں گزرا۔
عہد · عباسی خلافت · سلسلے میں نمبر 36 · 974–991ء
خلافت پر حکمرانی کی
عہد کے واقعات
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تفويض الطائع الأمر إلى عضد الدولة
In 369 al-Ta'i' sat on the throne ringed by a hundred swordsmen, Uthman's mushaf before him, the Burda on his shoulder, the qadib in his hand, the Prophet's sword at his side; the curtain Adud al-Dawla sent hung so no soldier's eye touched the caliph first. Adud entered and kissed the ground — his captain Ziyad recoiled: 'what is this, king? is this God?' — 'this is God's caliph on earth'. Seven times he kissed the ground, then the caliph's foot, and sat on a chair only under oath. Al-Ta'i' said: 'I have resolved to delegate to you what God entrusted to me of the subjects' affairs in earth's east and west, save my household and retinue'. Before this he had received the investiture robes, a jewelled crown, and two standards — silvered as amirs' and gilded as heirs-apparent's, the latter unprecedented — and in 368 the drums at his gate and the khutba from the court minbars, which Ibn al-Jawzi notes had never been granted even to heirs.
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استيلاء عضد الدولة على ملك بني حمدان
In Dhu'l-Qa'da 367 Adud al-Dawla took Mosul and the Hamdanid Jazira; Abu Taghlib expected the usual raid-and-settle, but Adud came stocked with provisions and local know-how, settled in and hunted him — 'these lands are dearer to me than Iraq'.
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ريح التنين ببغداد 378هـ
In Sha'ban 378 violent gales multiplied over Baghdad; on the Thursday afternoon with five days left in the month came a wind likened to a dragon — it swept the Tigris bare until its bed showed, demolished a part of the congregational mosque, killed people, sank great ships loaded with goods and carried a boat with its beasts inland to the land of Jukha where it was seen days later.
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القحط الشديد ببغداد سنة ٣٧٣هـ
Severe drought-famine struck Baghdad in 373: a ghurara of grain reached four hundred dirhams.
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تقليد بهاء الدولة إمرة العراق 379هـ
On Sharaf al-Dawla's death in Jumada I 379 the army demanded the accession bounty from his son Abu Nasr Ahmad; after exchanges and mutual oaths of sincere intent, al-Ta'i' came by boat to Dar al-Mamlaka at the Karkh to condole, and on Saturday 10 Jumada II the young emir rode to the caliph's presence, received the sultanic robes and two standards and the laqabs Baha' al-Dawla wa-Diya' al-Milla, the whole army marching before him to Bab al-Shammasiyya, while Abu Mansur Ibn Salihan was confirmed as wazir.
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باقلانی عضد الدولہ کا جواب لے کر دربار روم پہنچتے ہیں، 369ھ/980ء
369ھ/980ء میں قسطنطینیہ کا ایک سفیر بغداد پہنچا جو بغاوت کے بعد دیار بکر میں پناہ لینے والے بردس سکلیرس کی حوالگی چاہتا تھا۔ عضد الدولہ نے اپنا جواب — انکار — «قاضی ابوبکر باقلانی کے ہاتھ» دربار روم بھیجا ؛ خود باقلانی کی ترجمہ بھی دربار روم کے سفر کا ذکر کرتی ہے ۔
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ابوالحسن علی بن محمد ماوردی کی پیدائش بصرہ میں، 364ھ/974ء
ابوالحسن علی بن محمد بن حبیب ماوردی بصری شافعی 364ھ/974ء میں بصرہ میں پیدا ہوئے؛ ان کے والد گلاب کا پانی بنانے اور بیچنے والے تھے، جس سے ان کی نسبت پڑی ۔ وہ چھیاسی برس کی عمر میں ربيع الاول 450ھ میں فوت ہوئے ۔
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حرب الأخوين: شرف الدولة يطيح بصمصام الدولة
In 376 the Buyid house broke: the army deserted Samsam al-Dawla for his brother Sharaf al-Dawla; Samsam submitted, kissed the ground, was jailed — then nineteen thousand Daylamites met three thousand Turks, the Daylamites were routed losing three thousand, and the Turks rode Sharaf into Baghdad where al-Ta'i' received him; Samsam's news vanished — he was blinded.
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حاکم نیشاپوری بغداد میں چار ماہ دارقطنی کی صحبت میں، 367ھ/977ء
حاکم ابو عبداللہ کہتے ہیں: دارقطنی اپنے عصر کے حفظ، فہم اور ورع میں یکتا اور قراء و نحویوں کے امام بن گئے؛ سال 367ھ میں میں بغداد میں چار ماہ رہا اور ہماری ملاقاتیں رات دن بکثرت ہوتیں؛ میں نے انہیں بیان سے بڑھ کر پایا اور علل اور مشائخ کے بارے میں ان سے پوچھا؛ ان کی تصانیف بہت ہیں اور میں گواہی دیتا ہوں کہ انہوں نے روئے زمین پر اپنا مثل نہیں چھوڑا ۔
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وفاة عضد الدولة ابن بويه
In Shawwal 372 Adud al-Dawla b. Rukn al-Dawla died of epilepsy at forty-seven, repeating 'my wealth avails me not, my sultanate has perished'; buried at Dar al-Mamlaka then moved to Ali's mashhad. The first Buyid hailed as shahinshah, builder of the Kufa shrine, the Medina wall, the Mecca road and Baghdad's Maristan al-Adudi.
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حريق الكرخ الكبير 371هـ
In Rabi' I 371 a great fire swept the Karkh from Darb al-Qaratis to the Bazazin, leaping through 1,900 houses and lasting a week.
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قتل أبي تغلب بن حمدان
In 369 Abu Taghlib, the last Hamdanid, was cornered near Ramla — shut out of Damascus by Qassam, courted then abandoned over Egypt's summons, deserted by Uqayl when Daghful's host massed; captured, he was killed by Daghful the Jarrahid lest al-Aziz adopt him, and his head went to Egypt.
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قتل بختيار بن معز الدولة
In 367 Bakhtiyar broke his oath not to march on Abu Taghlib's lands, handed his own cousin Hamdan over for prison, and joined the Hamdanid at Qasr al-Hissa by Takrit with twenty thousand men; on 18 Shawwal Adud al-Dawla routed them, refused him audience and had him killed — aged thirty-one after eleven years' rule.
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زلزلة الموصل 376هـ
In Rajab 376 word reached Baghdad of an earthquake at Mosul that demolished many houses and killed a great number of people.
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مقدسی کا سفرِ حلب، تقریباً 354–364ھ/965–975ء
ان کی اپنی کتاب سے معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ مقدسی حلب گئے، غالباً 354 تا 364ھ (965–975ء) کے درمیان ۔
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خلع المطيع وبيعة الطائع
In 363 al-Muti' was struck by paralysis and his tongue grew heavy; Izz al-Dawla's chamberlain Subuktakin proposed he depose himself for his son al-Ta'i' — done on Wednesday 13 Dhu'l-Qa'da after twenty-nine years and months, recorded with qadi Ibn Umm Shayban, and he was called 'al-Shaykh al-Fadil' thereafter. Ibn Shahin says he abdicated unforced; he went to Wasit and died Muharram 364. Al-Dhahabi: al-Muti' and his son were helpless among the Buyids, the caliphs' weakness lasting till al-Muqtafi.
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خلع الطائع وبيعة القادر 381هـ
In Ramadan 381 Baha' al-Dawla's men seized the caliph al-Ta'i' in his palace, wrapped him in a cloak and carried him to the treasury at Dar al-Mamlaka; the deed of self-deposition ceding the rule to al-Qadir was taken to him and he signed it, the khutba was held in al-Qadir's name, and the whole contents of the caliphal palace — vessels, robes, arms, servants and stores — were carried off while Baha' al-Dawla toured it hall by hall. Al-Qadir had himself been a fugitive in the Batiha with Muhdhib al-Dawla for nearly two years under al-Ta'i'.
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كتاب القادر في الأصول
Al-Khatib: al-Qadir was marked by piety, night-prayer, abundant alms and good conduct; he studied fiqh under the Shafi'i master Abu Bishr al-Harawi and authored a book of usul containing the Companions' virtues and the takfir of the Mu'tazila and the Quran-creators — read every Friday in the ahl al-hadith circle at al-Mahdi's mosque before the people.
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دخول القرامطة الكوفة 375هـ
In Rabi' I 375 the Qarmatian army struck Kufa, routed its amir al-Ghassawi ibn al-Sawda' who fled to Baghdad, and entered the city; on Friday the 'Alid banner was raised and the people called to obey it, but three days later the townsmen were ordered out toward Suf Rabi'a and a pitched fight between 'Alids and Qarmatians spilled blood.
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سقوط قنطرتي الصراة بدجلة 370هـ
In 370 the Tigris rose beyond measure together with the Euphrates; the Saraya bridges fell — the new one in mid-Dhu'l-Qa'da and the old one on a Wednesday after it — then both were rebuilt at great expense and solid construction.
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شرف الدولة يرفع المظالم عن العراق
In 377 Sharaf al-Dawla lifted many unjust levies from Iraq — among them returning all of al-Sharif Abu al-Hasan Muhammad b. Umar's estates yielding two and a half million dirhams a year — while Baghdad prices ran beyond description.
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خلع الطائع وتولية القادر
In 381 al-Ta'i' was seized — for jailing one of Baha' al-Dawla's intimates: the Daylamites dragged him from his throne, wrapped him in a cloak and bore him off while the city shook; they wrote on him his self-deposition for al-Qadir, witnessed by the grandees on 19 Sha'ban. He lived honoured in al-Qadir's house — once complaining when brought a half-burnt candle — till he died on Fitr night 393, al-Qadir praying over him and al-Sharif al-Radi elegising him; he was fiercely set against the Alids, and awe fell so low in his days the poets satirised him.